阅读答案原文及翻译2【优秀范文】

阅读答案原文及翻译第1篇剑桥雅思系列真题是剑桥大学考试委员会外语考试部出版各类考试真题的唯一官方出版社出版的权威教材，书中包含最新的雅思全真试题资料，是各类雅思考生备考过程中必不可少的参考书。非常适合下面是小编为大家整理的阅读答案原文及翻译2,供大家参考。

阅读答案原文及翻译 第1篇

剑桥雅思系列真题是剑桥大学考试委员会外语考试部出版各类考试真题的唯一官方出版社出版的权威教材，书中包含最新的雅思全真试题资料，是各类雅思考生备考过程中必不可少的参考书。非常适合学生自学的*题解答和听力录音文本。

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1

Johnson’s Dictionary

For the century before Johnson’s Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern about the state of the English There was no standard way of speaking or writing and no agreement as to the best way of bringing some order to the chaos of English Dr Johnson provided the

There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall ‘of hard usuall English wordes’. Like the various dictionaries that came after it during the seventeenth century, Cawdray’s tended to concentrate on ‘scholarly’ words; one function of the dictionary was to enable its student to convey an impression of fine

Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer — lexical as well as social and it is highly appropriate that Dr Samuel Johnson, the very model of an eighteenth-century literary man, as famous in his own time as in ours, should have published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday of the middle

Johnson was a poet and critic who raised common sense to the heights of His approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was intensely Up until his time, the task of producing a dictionary on such a large scale had seemed impossible without the establishment of an academy to make decisions about right and wrong Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle arguments about language; he would write a dictionary himself and he would do it Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a breakfast held at the Golden Anchor Inn near Holbom Bar on 18 June was to be paid ￡ in instalments, and from this he took money to rent Gough Square, in which he set up his ‘dictionary workshop’.

James Boswell, his biographer, described the garret where Johnson worked as ‘fitted up like a counting house’ with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would work standing Johnson himself was stationed on a rickety chair at an ‘old crazy deal table’ surrounded by a chaos of borrowed He was also helped by six assistants, two of whom died whilst the Dictionary was still in

The work was immense; filling about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to hand), Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with some 114,000 quotations drawn from English writing on every subject, from the Elizabethans to his own He did not expect to achieve complete Working to a deadline, he had to draw on the best of all previous dictionaries, and to make his work one of heroic In fact, it was very much Unlike his predecessors, Johnson treated English very practically, as a living language, with many different shades of He adopted his definitions on the principle of English common law — according to After its publication, his Dictionary was not seriously rivalled for over a

After many vicissitudes the Dictionary was finally published on 15 April It was instantly recognised as a landmark throughout ‘This very noble work,’ wrote the leading Italian lexicographer, ‘will be a perpetual monument of Fame to the Author, an Honour to his own Country in particular, and a general Benefit to the republic of Letters throughout Europe" The fact that Johnson had taken on the Academies of Europe and matched them (everyone knew that forty French academics had taken forty years to produce the first French national dictionary) was cause for much English

Johnson had worked for nine years, ‘with little assistance of the learned, and without any patronage of the great; not in the soft obscurities of retirement, or under the shelter of academic bowers, but amidst inconvenience and distraction, in sickness and in sorrow’. For all its faults and eccentricities his two-volume work is a masterpiece and a landmark, in his own words, ‘setting the orthography, displaying the analogy, regulating the structures, and ascertaining the significations of English words’. It is the cornerstone of Standard English an achievement which, in James Boswell’s words ‘conferred stability on the language of his ’

The Dictionary, together with his other writing, made Johnson famous and so well esteemed that his friends were able to prevail upon King George Ⅲ to offer him a From then on, he was to become the Johnson of

Questions 1-3

Choose THREE letters

Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer

NB Your answers may be given in any

Which THREE of the following statements are true of Johnson’s Dictionary?

A It avoided all scholarly

B It was the only English dictionary in general use for 200

C It was famous because of the large number of people

D It focused mainly on language from contemporary

E There was a time limit for its

F It ignored work done by previous dictionary

G It took into account subtleties of

H Its definitions were famous for their

Questions 4-7

Complete the

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 4-7 on your answer

In 1764 Dr Johnson accepted the contract to produce a Having rented a garret, he took on a number of 4…………, who stood at a long central Johnson did not have a 5………… available to him, but eventually produced definitions of in excess of 40,000 words written down in 80 large On publications, the Dictionary was immediately hailed in many European countries as a According to his biographer, James Boswell, Johnson’s principal achievement was to bring 6……… to the English As a reward for his hard work, he was granted a 7………by the

Questions 8-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

8 The growing importance of the middle classes led to an increased demand for

9 Johnson has become more well known since his

10 Johnson had been planning to write a dictionary for several

11 Johnson set up an academy to help with the writing of his

12 Johnson only received payment for his Dictionary on its

13 Not all of the assistants survived to see the publication of the

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2

Nature or Nurture?

A A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a ‘leader’ in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to Specifically Milgram told each volunteer ‘teacher-subject’ that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils’ ability to

B Milgram’s experimental set-up involved placing the teacher-subject before a panel of thirty switches with labels ranging from ‘15 volts of electricity (slight shock)’ to ‘450 volts (danger — severe shock)’ in steps of 15 volts The teacher-subject was told that whenever the pupil gave the wrong answer to a question, a shock was to be administered, beginning at the lowest level and increasing in severity with each successive wrong The supposed ‘pupil’ was in reality an actor hired by Milgram to simulate receiving the shocks by emitting a spectrum of groans, screams and writings together with an assortment of statements and expletives denouncing both the experiment and the Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignore the reactions of the pupil, and to administer whatever level of shock was called for, as per the rule governing the experimental situation of the

C As the experiment unfolded, the pupil would deliberately give the wrong answers to questions posed by the teacher, thereby bringing on various electrical punishments, even up to the danger level of 300 volts and Many of the teacher-subjects balked at administering the higher levels of punishment, and turned to Milgram with questioning looks and/or complaints about continuing the In these situations, Milgram calmly explained that the teacher-subject was to ignore the pupil’s cries for mercy and carry on with the If the subject was still reluctant to proceed, Milgram said that it was important for the sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through to the His final argument was ‘you have no other You must go on’. What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects who would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock, even in the face of strong personal and moral revulsion against the rules and conditions of the

D Prior to carrying out the experiment, Milgram explained his idea to a group of 39 psychiatrists and asked them to predict the average percentage of people in an ordinary population who would be willing to administer the highest shock level of 450 The overwhelming consensus was that virtually all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the The psychiatrists felt that ‘most subjects would not go beyond 150 volts’ and they further anticipated that only four per cent would go up to 300 Furthermore, they thought that only a lunatic fringe of about one in 1,000 would give the highest shock of 450

E What were the actual results? Well, over 60 per cent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey Milgram up to the 450-volt limit in repetitions of the experiment in other countries, the percentage of obedient teacher-subjects was even higher, reaching 85 per cent in one How can we possibly account for this vast discrepancy between what calm, rational, knowledgeable people predict in the comfort of their study and what pressured, flustered, but cooperative ‘teachers’ actually do in the laboratory of real life?

F One’s first inclination might be to argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that was activated by the experiment, and that Milgram’s teache-subjects were just following a genetic need to discharge this pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by administering the electrical A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the caves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal

G An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see the teacher-subjects’ actions as a result of the social environment under which the experiment was carried As Milgram himself pointed out, ‘Most subjects in the experiment see their behaviour in a larger context that is benevolent and useful to society — the pursuit of scientific The psychological laboratory has a strong claim to legitimacy and evokes trust and confidence in those who perform An action such as shocking a victim, which in isolation appears evil, acquires a completely different meaning when placed in this ’

H Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral code with that of larger institutional structures, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of

I Here we have two radically different explanations for why so many teacher-subjects were willing to forgo their sense of personal responsibility for the sake of an institutional authority The problem for biologists, psychologists and anthropologists is to sort out which of these two polar explanations is more This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology — to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates, or at least strongly biases, the interaction of animals and humans with their environment, that is, their Put another way, sociobiology is concerned with elucidating the biological basis of all

Questions 14-19

Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs,

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 14-19 on your answer

14 a biological explanation of the teacher-subjects’ behaviour

15 the explanation Milgram gave the teacher-subjects for the experiment

16 the identity of the pupils

17 the expected statistical outcome

18 the general aim of sociobiological study

19 the way Milgram persuaded the teacher-subjects to continue

Questions 20-22

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or

Write your answers in boxes 20-22 on your answer

20 The teacher-subjects were told that were testing whether

A a 450-volt shock was

B punishment helps

C the pupils were

D they were suited to

21 The teacher-subjects were instructed to

A stop when a pupil asked them

B denounce pupils who made

C reduce the shock level after a correct

D give punishment according to a

22 Before the experiment took place the psychiatrists

A believed that a shock of 150 volts was too

B failed to agree on how the teacher-subjects would respond to

C underestimated the teacher-subjects’ willingness to comply with experimental

D thought that many of the teacher-subjects would administer a shock of 450

Questions 23-26

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

23 Several of the subjects were psychology students at Yale

24 Some people may believe that the teacher-subjects’ behaviour could be explained as a positive survival

25 In a sociological explanation, personal values are more powerful than

26 Milgram’s experiment solves an important question in

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3

The Truth about the Environment

For many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out; that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the planet’s air and water are becoming ever more

But a quick look at the facts shows a different First, energy and other natural resources have become more abundant, not less so, since the book ‘The Limits to Growth’ was published in 1972 by a group of Second, more food is now produced per head of the world’s population than at any time in Fewer people are Third, although species are indeed becoming extinct, only about % of them are expected to disappear in the next 50 years, not 25-50%, as has so often been And finally, most forms of environmental pollution either appear to have been exaggerated, or are transient — associated with the early phases of industrialisation and therefore best cured not by restricting economic growth, but by accelerating One form of pollution — the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming — does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating A bigger problem may well turn out to be an inappropriate response to

Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and

One is the lopsidedness built into scientific Scientific funding goes mainly to areas with many That may be wise policy, but it will also create an impression that many more potential problems exist than is the

Secondly, environmental groups need to be noticed by the mass They also need to keep the money rolling Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their In 1997, for example, the World Wide Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled: ‘Two thirds of the world’s forests lost ’ The truth turns out to be nearer 20%.

Though these groups are run overwhelmingly by selfless folk, they nevertheless share many of the characteristics of other lobby That would matter less if people applied the same degree of scepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other A trade organisation arguing for, say, weaker pollution controls is instantly seen as Yet a green organisation opposing such a weakening is seen as altruistic, even if an impartial view of the controls in question might suggest they are doing more harm than

A third source of confusion is the attitude of the People are clearly more curious about bad news than Newspapers and broadcasters are there to provide what the public That, however, can lead to significant distortions of An example was America’s encounter with El Nino in 1997 and This climatic phenomenon was accused of wrecking tourism, causing allergies, melting the ski-slopes and causing 22 However, according to an article in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, the damage it did was estimated at US$4 billion but the benefits amounted to some US$19 These came from higher winter temperatures (which saved an estimated 850 lives, reduced heating costs and diminished spring floods caused by meltwaters).

The fourth factor is poor individual People worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff everyone throws away will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of Yet, even if America’s trash output continues to rise as it has done in the past, and even if the American population doubles by 2100, all the rubbish America produces through the entire 21st century will still take up only one-12,000th of the area of the entire United

So what of global warming? As we know, carbon dioxide emissions are causing the planet to The best estimates are that the temperatures will rise by 2-3℃ in this century, causing considerable problems, at a total cost of US$5,000

Despite the intuition that something drastic needs to be done about such a costly problem, economic analyses clearly show it will be far more expensive to cut carbon dioxide emissions radically than to pay the costs of adaptation to the increased A model by one of the main authors of the United Nations Climate Change Panel shows how an expected temperature increase of degrees in 2100 would only be diminished to an increase of Or to put it another way, the temperature increase that the planet would have experienced in 20XX would be postponed to

So this does not prevent global warming, but merely buys the world six Yet the cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, for the United States alone, will be higher than the cost of solving the world’s single, most pressing health problem: providing universal access to clean drinking water and Such measures would avoid 2 million deaths every year, and prevent half a billion people from becoming seriously

It is crucial that we look at the facts if we want to make the best possible decisions for the It may be costly to be overly optimistic — but more costly still to be too

Questions 27-32

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the writer’s claims

NO if the statement contradicts the writer’s clams

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

27 Environmentalists take a pessimistic view of the world for a number of reasons

28 Data on the Earth’s natural resources has only been collected since

29 The number of starving people in the world has increased in recent

30 Extinct species are being replaced by new

31 Some pollution problems have been correctly linked to

32 It would be best to attempt to slow down economic

Questions 33-37

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or

Write your answers in boxes 33-37 on your answer

33 What aspect of scientific research does the writer express concern about in paragraph 4?

A the need to produce results

B the lack of financial support

C the selection of areas to research

D the desire to solve every research problem

34 The writer quotes from the Worldwide Fund for Nature to illustrate how

A influential the mass media can

B effective environmental groups can

C the mass media can help groups raise

D environmental groups can exaggerate their

34 What is the writer’s main point about lobby groups in paragraph 6?

A Some are more active than

B Some are better organised than

C Some receive more criticism than

D Some support more important issues than

35 The writer suggests that newspapers print items that are intended to

A educate

B meet their readers’

C encourage feedback from

D mislead

36 What does the writer say about America’s waste problem?

A It will increase in line with population

B It is not as important as we have been led to

C It has been reduced through public awareness of the

D It is only significant in certain areas of the

Questions 38-40

Complete the summary with the list of words A-I

Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 38-40 on your answer

GLOBAL WARMING

The writer admits that global warming is a 38…………….challenge, but says that it will not have a catastrophic impact on our future, if we deal with it in the 39…………… If we try to reduce the levels of greenhouse gases, he believes that it would only have a minimal impact on rising He feels it would be better to spend money on the more 40………… health problem of providing the world’s population with clean drinking

A unrealistic B agreed C expensive D right

E long-term F usual G surprising H personal

I urgent

阅读答案原文及翻译 第2篇

Ancient Rome and Greece

There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment-on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly

The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome"s early Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea Yet the essential difference is The key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a

Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost instinct for the territorial Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, pietas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural

Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere Greece was original; Rome, Greece had style; Rome had Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual "Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we," asked Horace in his epistle, "what work of ancient date would now exist?"

Rome"s debt to Greece was The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early

Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman The Roman genius was projected into new spheres-especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high

Paragraph 1: There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment-on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly

阅读答案原文及翻译 第3篇

The word "particular" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○natural

○final

○specific

○complex

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?

○They occur at the end of a

○They last longer than any other type of

○The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not

○They remain stable for at least 500 years at a

Paragraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year"s Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the

According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?

○Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the

○The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are

○Individual organisms are stable from one year to the

○A change in the members of an organism does not affect an ecosystem"s

Paragraph 3: At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to

According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?

○Pioneer communities

○Climax communities

○Single-crop farmlands

○Successional plant communities

Paragraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what "stability" Stability can be defined as simply lack of In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a This kind of stability is also called In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax

According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?

○The reasons for ecosystem change are not always

○Ecologists often confuse the word "stability" with the word ""

○The exact meaning of the word "stability" is debated by

○There are many different answers to ecological

According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities?○They are more resilient than pioneer

○They can be considered both the most and the least stable

○They are stable because they recover quickly after major

○They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over

Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability-just the opposite, in A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child"s

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?

○They become less stable as they

○They support many species when they reach

○They are found in temperate

○They have reduced diversity during mid-successional

The word "guarantee" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○increase

○ensure

○favor

○complicate

In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that "A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child"s tricycle"?

○To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example

○To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations

○To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity

○To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystems

Paragraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community"s resistance to destruction, as well as its

The word "pales" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○increases proportionally

○differs

○loses significance

○is common

Paragraph 7: Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the "patchiness" of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web

of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential

○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than

○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species

○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy

○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of

word "adjacent" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○foreign

○stable

○fluid

○neighboring

Paragraph 6: █Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human █The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by █We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community"s resistance to destruction, as well as its █

at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the

In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2

The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can change over

●

●

●

Answer choices

○The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human

○A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable

○The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term

○Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of

○Disagreements over the meaning of the term "stability" make it difficult to identify the most stable

○The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by humans

阅读答案原文及翻译 第4篇

赵充国字翁孙，陇西上邽人也。始为骑士，以六郡良家子善骑射补羽林。武帝时，以假司马从贰师将军击匈奴，大军为虏所围。汉军乏食数日，死伤者多，充国乃与壮士百余人溃围陷阵，贰师引兵随之，遂得解。

元康三年，先零遂与诸羌种豪二百余人解仇交质盟诅。上闻之，以问充国。时，充国年七十余，上老之，充国对曰：亡逾于老臣者矣。上曰：将军度羌虏何如，当用几人？充国曰：百闻不如一见。兵难逾度，臣愿驰至金城，图上方略。充国至金城，须兵满万骑，方渡河，恐为虏所遮。

即夜遣三校衔枚先渡，渡辄营阵。及明，以次尽渡。虏数十百骑来，出入军旁。充国意此骁骑难制，且恐为诱，戒军勿击，曰：吾士马新倦，不可驰逐，击虏以殄灭为期，小利不足贪也。

遣骑候四望、陿中，亡虏。夜引兵至洛都，谓诸校司马曰：吾知羌无能为矣。使发数千人守杜四望、陿中，吾岂得入哉！遂西至西部都尉府，日飨军士，士皆欲为用。虏数挑战，充国坚守。

天子敕充国进兵。充国上书谢罪，因陈利害曰：臣闻兵法：善战者致人，不致于人。即罕羌欲为寇，宜简练以俟其至，以逸代劳，必胜之道也。于臣之计，不先破罕开，则先零未可图；
先诛先零，则罕开不烦兵而服；
如其不服，须正月击之未晚。

上从充国议，充国引兵至先零，虏久屯聚，解弛，望见大军，弃车重，欲渡湟水，道阨狭，充国徐行驱之。或曰：逐利宜亟。充国曰：此穷寇，不可迫也，缓之则走不顾，急之则还致死。

豪靡忘来自归，充国赐饮食，遣还谕种人，时羌降者万余人。充国度羌必坏，请罢骑兵，留万人屯田，以待其敝。

后充国乞骸骨，朝庭每有四夷大议，常与参兵谋，问筹策焉。甘露二年薨，年八十六，谥曰壮侯。

《汉书 赵充国传》有删节

（注：①先零、罕开都是西羌种族 ②种、豪是种族的意思。）

4、以下选项中解释有误的一项是（ ）（3分）

A、充国年七十余，上老之 老 认为老

B、将军度羌虏何如 度 估计

C、宜简练以俟其至 俟 等待

D、则罕开不烦兵而服 烦 烦恼

5、下列各组句子中，加点虚词的意义和用法相同的一组是（ ）（3分）

A、亡逾于老臣者矣/青取之于蓝，而青于蓝

B、击之未见利/之二虫，又何知

C、如其不服，须正月击之未晚/方六七十，如五六十

D、问筹策焉/心不在焉

6、以下选项中都能表现赵充国稳妥持重的一项是（ ）（3分）

①虏数挑战，充国坚守。

②欲渡湟水，道阨狭，充国徐行驱之。

③不先破罕开，则先零未可图。

④宜简练以俟其至，以逸代劳，必胜之道也。

⑤吾知羌无能为矣

⑥留万人屯田，以待其敝

A、①②⑥ B、②③⑤

C、①④⑤ D、③④⑥

7、下列选项中对文意分析错误的一项是（ ）（3分）

A、赵充国青年时当骑兵，后调入长安为羽林骑，做皇帝的警卫。他随贰师将军李广利出征匈奴，被围。汉军绝粮数日，伤亡很大。赵充国率百余人杀出重围，李广利率大队紧随其后，终于脱险。

B、为防止羌叛军袭击，赵充国派主力部队夜渡黄河，连夜在对岸修筑阵地。对于叛军游骑在阵前挑战，他不予理会，而首先派人侦察前方地形、敌情。

C、赵充国行军是以远出侦察为主，并随时作好战斗准备。宿营时加强营垒防御，稳扎稳打，计划不周全不作战。爱护士卒，战则必胜。

D、赵充国老病辞官在家以后，朝廷每讨论边防大事，也常常参与谋略，或者要向他问办法。

8、把文言文阅读材料中加横线的句子翻译成现代汉语（10分）。

①兵难逾度，臣愿驰至金城，图上方略。（3分）

②善战者致人，不致于人。（3分）

③此穷寇，不可迫也，缓之则走不顾，急之则还致死。（4分）

参考答案：

4、D 烦：劳烦

5、D A于：比/从 B之：代词，代罕羌/代词，这 C如：如果/或者

D用法相同，相当于介词于加代词之 6、A

7、B 不是派主力部队夜渡黄河，而是派三只小分队先渡过河。

8、①打仗的事很难凭空设想。老臣想先到金城，再谋献应付的方略。（度、图各1分，句意1分）

②会打仗的人，能掌握敌人，而不是被敌人所掌握。（致1分，被动句1分，句意1分）

③这些都是走投无路的穷寇，不可以过分逼迫他们。慢慢的追赶他们，他们便会没命的逃走；
但是如果逼急的话，他们或许会回过头来拚命的。（穷、缓急、致死各1分，句意1分）

附参考译文

赵充国(公元前137一前52年)，字翁孙，西汉陇西上邽人。最初为骑兵，后来以六郡良家子的身份因为善骑射而进入御林军。汉武帝时（公元前99年）他随贰师将军李广利击匈奴，被匈奴团团围困，汉兵几天无食，死伤增多。充国带领壮士百余人突围陷阵，李广利和大兵紧紧跟随，终于解围而出。

汉元康三年时，先零、罕开都是西羌种族，各有酋长，因彼此互相攻击而成仇家。后来匈奴联合其他羌族，互订盟约，解除仇恨。汉昭帝听说了这件事，

就拿它来问赵充国。充国时年七十余，昭帝认为他很老了，赵充国回答说：再没有比老臣更好的人选了。昭帝说：将军能否预测目前羌人的势力、打算带多少兵马去？ 赵充国说：百闻不如一见，打仗的事很难凭空设想。老臣想先到金城，再计划攻讨的方略。赵充国到了金城，征调一万名士兵想渡河，又怕遭到羌人截击。

便趁夜派三个营士兵先悄悄渡河，渡了河后，立刻扎营防备羌人来犯。到了天亮，军士们已依次全部安然渡河，羌人发觉后，派了数百骑兵，在汉军左右出没骚扰。赵充国想羌骑一向骁勇善战，难以制服，再说这也可能是羌人诱敌之计，于是下令：我军兵马刚渡河，已略有倦意，不必追击羌骑，攻击羌人要以消灭他们为目标，区区近百羌骑，不必着意贪求。

赵充国一面派骑兵去侦察四望和陿中这两个地方，发现其中并无羌人出没。于是趁夜引兵到洛都，召集各部将领说：我就知道羌人不善用兵，如果他们调派几千人防守四望和陿中，我军哪能向前推进呢？于是向西推进到西部都尉府，日日飨宴军士，士卒都希望为他效力立功，羌人好几次前来挑衅，赵充国都下令坚守。

昭帝下令赵充国进攻。赵充国上书请罪，剖陈利害，说：臣听说《孙子兵法》上说过：善于作战的人，能掌握敌人，却不会被敌人所掌握。现在羌人入寇，我们便应该整饬兵马，训练战士，以逸待劳，才是致胜之道。依老臣之见，如果能先诛灭先零，即使不讨伐罕开，罕开也自然会归顺；
万一先零已被诛灭，而罕开仍然不服，那么，到正月时再进攻也不迟。

昭帝接纳了赵充国的意见。赵充国于是率兵进攻先零，先零因居安日久，已松懈防备，望见汉朝大军，纷纷丢下装备，想渡湟水逃命，由于道路狭隘，赵充国只紧蹑溃兵之后，徐徐驱赶。有人说：追击先零逃兵，这正是建功的大好机会。赵充国说：这些都是走投无路的穷寇，不可以过分逼迫他们。慢慢的追赶他们，他们便会没命的逃走；
但是如果逼急的话，他们或许会回过头来拚命的。

羌酋靡忘于是自动前来归顺，赵充国赐他食物后，仍放他回去劝晓其他的族人。一时之间，有一万多名羌人请降，赵充国预料羌人会自行瓦解，所以遣回全部骑兵，并请准予留下一万名兵士在当地屯田，静待其变。

后来赵充国老病辞官在家，朝廷每讨论边防大事，也常常参与谋略，或者要向他问办法。甘露二年去世，年八十六，谥号壮侯。

阅读答案原文及翻译 第5篇

鲁肃代周瑜，当之陆口，过蒙屯下。肃意尚轻蒙，或说肃曰：“吕将军功名日显，不可以故意待也，君宜顾之。”遂往诣蒙。酒酣，蒙问肃曰：“君受重任，与关羽为邻，将何计略，以备不虞？”肃造次应曰：“临时施宜。”蒙曰：“今东西虽为一家，而关羽实熊虎也，计安可不豫定？”因为肃画五策。肃于是越席就之，拊其背曰：“吕子明，吾不知卿才略所及乃至于此也。”

与课文的相同点：本文也是介绍鲁肃对吕蒙的才华进步的赞叹。本文选自《三国志·吴志·吕蒙传》，也是历史传记故事。

1.解释文中加点的字。

轻：
或：
故：
遂：
安：
画：

2.翻译句子。

（1）君受重任，与关羽为邻，将何计略，以备不虞？

（2）吾不知卿才略所及乃至于此也。

3.吕子明的学问好，在文中是通过鲁肃的 表现出来的，而鲁肃的这一举动，也说明鲁肃是一个不 的人，这是一个好领导必须具备的品质。

参考答案：

1.轻视人 有人 原来的 就 怎么 筹划

2.(1)您接受重任，和关羽相邻，准备了哪些计策谋略，来预备不能预料的.事发生？(2)我不知道您的才干谋略已经达到了这一高度啊。

3.赞美 嫉贤妒能

翻译：

鲁肃临时代理周瑜的事务时，正当去陆口时，路过吕蒙屯兵的地方。当时鲁肃还是轻视吕蒙的，传闻鲁肃曾对邓当说：“吕蒙将军的功名一天天增长，不能拿以前的眼光看待他了，您应该重视这个事情。”鲁肃随即去拜访吕蒙。酒喝得正畅快时，吕蒙问鲁肃：“您担负重任以抵御关羽方面军，打算用什么方法应付突然发生的袭击？”鲁肃轻率地说：“临时想办法就行。”吕蒙说：“现在东吴和西蜀是暂时联盟，关羽毕竟对我们有威胁，怎能不提早做好应对的打算呢？”于是就这个问题，为鲁肃想了五种应对的方法。鲁肃又佩服又感激，离开席子，坐在吕蒙旁边，手抚着吕蒙的背，亲切地说：“吕蒙，我不知道你的才华谋略竟然到了如此的境地！”

阅读答案原文及翻译 第6篇

阅读下面的文言文，完成4~8题。

秋，七月，辛卯朔，以周行逢为武平节度使，制置武安、静江等军事。行逢既兼总湖、湘，乃矫前人之弊，留心民事，悉除马氏横赋，贪吏猾民为民害者皆去之，择廉平吏为刺史、县令。

朗州民、夷杂居，刘言、王逵旧将卒多骄横，行逢壹以法治之，无所宽假，众怨怼且惧。有大将与其党十余人谋作乱，行逢知之，大会诸将，于座中擒之。数曰：“吾恶衣粝食，充实府库，正为汝曹，何负而反！今日之会，与汝诀也!”立挝杀之，座上股栗。行逢曰：“诸君无罪，皆宜自安。”乐饮而罢。行逢多计数，善发隐伏，将卒有谋乱及叛亡者，行逢必先觉，擒杀之，所部凛然。然性猜忍，常散遣人密探诸州事，其之邵州者，无事可复命，但言刺史刘光委多宴饮。行逢曰：“光委数聚饮，欲谋我邪!”即召还，杀之。亲卫指挥使、衡州刺史张文表恐获罪，求归治所，行逢许之。文表岁时馈献甚厚，及谨事左右，由是得免。

行逢妻郧国夫人邓氏，陋而刚决，善治生，尝谏行逢用法太严，人无亲附者。行逢怒曰：“汝妇人何知!”邓氏不悦，因请之村墅视田园，遂不复归府舍。行逢屡遣人迎之，不至。一旦，自帅僮仆来输税，行逢就见之，曰：“吾为节度使，夫人何自苦如此!”邓氏曰：“税，官物也。公为节度使，不先输税，何以率下!且独不记为里正代人输税以免楚挞时邪?”行逢欲与之归，不可，曰：“公诛杀太过，常恐一旦有变，村墅易为逃匿耳。”行逢惭怒，其僚属曰：“夫人言直，公宜纳之。”行逢婿唐德求补吏，行逢曰：“汝才不堪为吏，吾今私汝则可矣。汝居官无状，吾不敢以法贷汝，则亲戚之恩绝矣。”与之耕牛、农具而遣之。

行逢少时尝坐事黥，隶辰州铜坑，或说行逢：“公面有文，恐为朝廷使者所嗤，请以药灭之。”行逢曰：“吾闻汉有黥布，不害为英雄，吾何耻焉!”

——选自《资治通鉴·后周世宗显德三年》

4．下列各组句子加点词语的意思相同的一组（）（3分）

A．乃矫前人之弊策扶老以流憩，时矫首而遐观

B．悉除马氏横赋寻蒙国恩，除臣洗马

C．数曰：“吾恶衣粝食，充实府库……”兴尽悲来，识盈虚之有数

D．邓氏不悦，因请之村墅视田园悦亲戚之情话，乐琴书以消忧

5．下列各组句子中，加点词的意义和用法相同的一项是（）（3分）

其之邵州者，无事可复命天之苍苍，其正色邪？其远而无所至极邪？

陋而刚决，善治生酌贪泉而觉爽，处涸辙以犹欢

因请之村墅视田园臣之进退，实为狼狈

请以药灭之舟遥遥以轻飏，风飘飘而吹衣

6．下列句子分别表明周行逢“性猜忍”和“用法太严”的一项是（）（3分）

A．①刘言、王逵旧将卒多骄横，行逢壹以法治之

②贪吏猾民为民害者皆去之

B．①有大将与其党十余人谋作乱，行逢知之，大会诸将，于座中擒之

②有谋乱及叛亡者，行逢必先觉，擒杀之。

C．①常散遣人密探诸州事

②无所宽假，众怨怼且惧

D．①吾为节度使，夫人何自苦如此

②汝居官无状，吾不敢以法贷汝，则亲戚之恩绝矣

7．下列对原文内容的概述和分析评价不正确的是（）（3分）

A．周行逢为官关心民生，废除苛捐杂税，任用廉吏，严于执法，吓得贪官污吏和为害乡里的刁民都纷纷逃离。

B．周行逢身上也有许多不足，他多疑残忍，用法过严，使得人人畏惧。他的妻子邓氏劝他，他没有听取，邓氏很不高兴，请求到乡下去看守田园，不再回周行逢的府第。

C．周行逢为官不任人唯亲，拒绝了女婿做官的请求，送给女婿耕牛和农具，让他回去了。

D．周行逢不避旧耻，对于因年轻时犯罪而留在脸上的印记，他并不怕遭人嗤笑，还以黥布为例，说面带黥刑印记的人，一样可以成为英雄。

8.把下列句子翻译成现代汉语。（10分）

①文表岁时馈献甚厚，及谨事左右，由是得免。（5分）

②汝居官无状，吾不敢以法贷汝，则亲戚之恩绝矣。（5分）

阅读答案

4．D。D均为“高兴”的意思。A矫正／举；
B废除／授予官职；
C数落／定数

5．B。B均为转折连词。A其中／用在选择句中，表示选择，是……还是……；
C到／主谓之间，不译；
D用／修饰连词。

6．C。

7．A 。“吓得贪官污吏和为害乡里的刁民都纷纷逃离”的说法错，应为“贪官污吏刁民成为百姓祸害的全部除掉”。

8．①张文表一年四季赠送进献非常丰厚，同时小心事奉周行逢身边的人，由此才得以幸免。

②如果你当官没有一点政绩，我不敢枉法来宽容你，那亲戚之间的情谊就断绝了。

译文

秋季,七月初一,后周世宗任命周行逢为武平节度使，负责武安、静江等地的军事。周行逢既然已兼管洞庭湖、湘水一带，于是就矫正前人的弊端，关心民事，全部废除了马氏肆意征收的苛捐杂税,贪官污吏刁民成为百姓祸害的全部除掉，选择廉洁公正的官吏担任刺史、县令。

朗州地区汉人与蛮夷杂居，刘言、王逵的旧部将大都骄横跋扈，周行逢一律依法惩处，没有一点宽容姑息，众人既怨恨又害怕他。有个大将与他的十几个同伙密谋作乱，周行逢知道后，就设宴把所有将领都请来，在座位上逮捕了谋反的将领，当众数落说：“我穿布衣，吃粗粮，充实国库，正是为了你们这些人，你们为何忘恩负义要谋反！今日的宴会，就是与你诀别。”立刻打死了他。在座的诸将吓得两腿发抖。周行逢说：“各位都没有罪，都应该各自心安。”大家高兴地饮酒而散了。

周行逢多计谋，善于发现潜藏的隐患，将领士兵有谋反和叛逃的，周行逢都能事先察觉，抓住杀掉，他的部下都很敬畏他。但他生性多疑残忍，常常分别派遣人去秘密刺探各州的情况。他派遣到邵州的人，没有什么事可以用来复命，就只说刺史刘光委常设宴饮酒。周行逢说：“刘光委多次聚众饮酒，想谋反吗？”立即把刘光委召回来杀了。亲卫指挥使、衡州刺史张文表惟恐无端获罪，请求解除兵权回到治所衡州，周行逢同意了。张文表一年四季赠送进献非常丰厚，同时小心事奉周行逢身边的人，由此才得以幸免。

周行逢的妻子郧国夫人邓氏，丑陋但刚强果敢，善于经营家业，曾经规劝周行逢，用法太严就不会有人亲近依附。周行逢发怒说：“你一个妇道人家知道什么！”邓氏很不高兴，请求到乡下去看守田园，于是不再回到周行逢的府第来了。周行逢多次派人去接她，她不来。有一天，邓氏带领下人来交税，周行逢借机去看她，说：“我身为节度使，夫人为何如此自找苦吃？”邓氏说：“税，是官家的财富。你身为节度使，不带头交税，怎么统率百姓！难道你就不记得当里正时代人交税以免受拷挞的时候了吗？”周行逢想同她一起回俯，邓氏不肯，说：“你诛杀太过分，我常担心突然发生变乱，那里乡间草舍容易逃避躲藏。”周行逢听了又羞又怒，他的手下说：“夫人言之有理，您应该采纳。”

周行逢的女婿唐德向他要求作一个小吏，周行逢说：“你的才能胜任不了吏职，我现在私下照顾你还可以，但如果你当官没有一点政绩，我不敢枉法来宽容你，那亲戚之间的情谊就断绝了。”送给他耕牛、农具，让他回去了。

周行逢年轻时曾因事获罪受了墨刑，被发配到辰州铜坑，有人劝说周行逢：“你脸上有刺纹，恐怕要遭到朝廷使者的嘲笑，请用药把它去掉。”周行逢说：“我听说汉代有个黥布，并不因此妨碍他成为英雄，我为何要感到羞耻呢！

阅读答案原文及翻译 第7篇

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14 which are based on Reading Passage 1

Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes — about the duration of a normal classroom In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests — what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them — independent of any formal It is also possible that some of these ideas will be

Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular Sometimes this information may be It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their

Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their

The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. Some children described them as damp, wet or The second question concerned the geographical location of The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the

Responses to question three concerned the importance of The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of rainforest as animal

Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal

The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging

One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these While two fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on

In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not

The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of

Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future

Questions 1-8

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the

2 Children only accept opinions on rainforests that they encounter in their

3 It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the ‘pure’ science that they study at

4 The fact that children’s ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change

5 The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as ‘Are there any rainforests in Africa?’

6 Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rainforests’

7 The study reported here follows on from a series of studies that have looked at children’s understanding of

8 A second study has been planned to investigate primary school children’s ideas about

Questions 9-13

The box below gives a list of responses A-P to the questionnaire discussed in Reading Passage

Answer the following questions by choosing the correct responses

Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer

9 What was the children’s most frequent response when asked where the rainforests were?

10 What was the most common response to the question about the importance of the rainforests?

11 What did most children give as the reason for the loss of the rainforests?

12 Why did most children think it important for the rainforests to be protected?

13 Which of the responses is cited as unexpectedly uncommon, given the amount of time spent on the issue by the newspapers and television?

A There is a complicated combination of reasons for the loss of the

B The rainforests are being destroyed by the same things that are destroying the forests of Western

C Rainforests are located near the

D Brazil is home to the

E Without rainforests some animals would have nowhere to

F Rainforests are important habitats for a lot of

G People are responsible for the loss of the

H The rainforests are a source of

I Rainforests are of consequence for a number of different

J As the rainforests are destroyed, the world gets

K Without rainforests there would not be enough oxygen in the

L There are people for whom the rainforests are

M Rainforests are found in

N Rainforests are not really important to human

O The destruction of the rainforests is the direct result of logging

P Humans depend on the rainforests for their continuing

Question 14

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D or

Write your answer in box 14 on your answer

Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage 1?

A The development of a programme in environmental studies within a science curriculum

B Children’s ideas about the rainforests and the implications for course design

C The extent to which children have been misled by the media concerning the rainforests

D How to collect, collate and describe the ideas of secondary school

E The importance of the rainforests and the reasons for their destruction

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2

What Do Whales Feel?

An examination of the functioning of the senses in cetaceans, the group of mammals comprising whales, dolphins and porpoises

Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are

The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and free-ranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched

The sense of vision is developed to different degree in different Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater — specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whale and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii — have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic

On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air-water interface as And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the

Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded The South American boutu and Chinese Beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of

Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback Toothed species in general employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds, than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid

echolocation: the perception of objects by means of sound wave

Questions 15-21

Complete the table

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 2 for each

Write your answers in boxes 15-21 on your answer

SENSE SPECIES ABILITY COMMENTS

Smell toothed no evidence from brain structure

baleen not certain related brain structures are present

Taste some types poor nerves linked to their 15………are underdeveloped

Touch all yes region around the blowhole very sensitive

Vision 16……… yes probably do not have stereoscopic vision

Dolphins, porpoises yes probably have stereoscopic vision 17………and………

18………

yes probably have stereoscopic vision forward and upward

Bottlenose dolphins yes exceptional in 19………and good in air-water interface

Boutu and beiji poor have limited vision

Indian susu no probably only sense direction and intensity of light

Hearing most large baleen yes usually use 20………; repertoire limited

21………whales and ………whales

yes song-like

Toothed yes use more of frequency spectrum; have wider repertoire

Questions 22-26

Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer

22 Which of the senses is described here as being involved in mating?

23 What species swims upside down while eating?

24 What can bottlenose dolphins follow from under the water?

25 Which type of habitat is related to good visual ability?

26 Which of the senses is best developed in cetaceans?

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3

Visual Symbols and the Blind

Part 1

From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in But pictures are more than literal This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle ( 1). I was taken Lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figures until about

When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel’s spokes as curved When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines — or any other kind of line, for that matter? The answer was not So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of

To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeter of the I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of

All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought, suggested that the wheel was wobbling; and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel’s perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning

In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was the favoured description for the blind in every What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out meanings for each line of motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted

Part 2

Words associated Agreement

with circle/square among

subjects (%)

SOFT-HARD 100

MOTHER-FATHER 94

HAPPY-SAD 94

GOOD-EVIL 89

LOVE-HATE 89

ALIVE-DEAD 87

BRIGHT-DARK 87

LIGHT-HEAVY 85

WARM-COLD 81

SUMMER-WINTER 81

WEAK-STRONG 79

FAST-SLOW 79

CAT-DOG 74

SPRING-FALL 74

QUIET-LOUD 62

WALKING-STANDING 62

ODD-EVEN 57

FAR-NEAR 53

PLANT-ANIMAL 53

DEEP-SHALLOW 51

2 Subjects were asked which word in each pair fits best with a circle and which with a These percentages show the level of consensus among sighted

We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart — choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from China, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their

We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to a For example, we asked: What goes with soft? A circle or a square? Which shape goes with hard?

All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to (See ) When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning ‘far’ to square and ‘near’ to In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects — 53% — had paired far and near to the opposite Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people

Questions 27-29

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or

Write your answers in boxes 27-29 on your answer

27 In the first paragraph the writer makes the point that blind

A may be interested in studying

B can draw outlines of different objects and

C can recognise conventions such as

D can draw

28 The writer was surprised because the blind woman

A drew a circle on her own

B did not understand what a wheel looked

C included a symbol representing

D was the first person to use lines of

29 From the experiment described in Part 1, the writer found that the blind subjects

A had good understanding of symbols representing

B could control the movement of wheels very

C worked together well as a group in solving

D got better results than the sighted

Questions 30-32

Look at the following diagrams (Questions 30-32), and the list of types of movement Match each diagram to the type of movement A-E generally assigned to it the Choose the correct letter A-E and write them in boxes 30-32 on your answer

A steady spinning

B jerky movement

C rapid spinning

D wobbling movement

E use of brakes

Questions 33-39

Complete the summary below using words from the

Write your answers in boxes 33-39 on your answer

NB You may use any word more than

In the experiment described in Part 2, a set of word 33…… was used to investigate whether blind and sighted people perceived the symbolism in abstract 34…… in the same Subjects were asked which word fitted best with a circle and which with a From the 35… volunteers, everyone thought a circle fitted ‘soft’ while a square fitted ‘hard’.

However, only 51% of the 36…… volunteers assigned a circle to 37…… . When the test was later repeated with 38…… volunteers, it was found that they made 39……

associations blind deep hard

hundred identical pairs shapes

sighted similar shallow soft

words

Question 40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or

Write your answer in box 40 on your answer

Which of the following statements best summarises the writer’s general conclusion?

A The blind represent some aspects of reality differently from sighted

B The blind comprehend visual metaphors in similar ways to sighted

C The blind may create unusual and effective symbols to represent

D The blind may be successful artists if given the right

阅读答案原文及翻译 第8篇

Passage 1

参考译文

Lost for words

Many minority languages are on the danger list

语言的消失

——许多少数民族语言濒临灭绝

In the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is Most of its speakers are middle-aged or Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’

对于居住在美国西南部四州的那瓦霍人来讲，他们的语言正在遭遇灭顶之灾。大多数说那瓦霍语的人要么是中年人，要么就是垂垂老者。尽管有许多学生都在学*该门语言，可是学校却是用英文授课的。路牌、超市商品说明、甚至报纸全部是英文的。因此语言学家怀疑在百年之后还会不会有人会说这门语言也就不足为奇了。

Navajo is far from Half the world’s 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two generations — that’s one language lost every ten Never before has the planet’s linguistic diversity shrunk at such a ‘At the moment, we are heading for about three or four languages dominating the world,’ says Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the University of ‘It’s a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult to ’

那瓦霍语决不是惟一会有此厄运的语言。再经历两代人的时间，全球6,800种语言当中的半数就有可能从世界上彻底消失——这就相当于平均每十天就有一种语言消失。地球上语言的多样性从未以如此惊人的速度降低过。“现在，我们面临的将是两三种语言支配整个世界。”雷丁大学的进化生物学家Marl Pagel说，“这就是(语言的)大规模灭绝，而且我们很难知道能否从这种语言灭绝当中恢复过来。”

Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000 have fewer than 2, It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they If it is spoken by children it is relatively The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly, according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alassk Native Language Center, in

封闭产生了语言的多样性。结果整个世界就布满了只有几个人说的语言。只有250种语言拥有超过100万的使用者，而至少有3,000种语言使用者不足2,500人。那些行将消失的小语种并非命该如此。尽管仍有15万人在使用那瓦霍语，但这种语言还是上了濒危名单。判断一种语言是否濒危的标准不是使用者的数量，而是使用者的年龄。如果一种语言是孩子们在使用，就会相对安全些。用费尔班克斯Alassk语言中心的主任Micheal Krauss的话说就是，真正面临灭绝之灾的是那些只有老年人才懂得说的语言。

Why do people reject the language of their parents? It begins with a crisis of confidence, when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler, of Britain’s Foundation for Endangered Languages, in ‘People lose faith in their culture,’ he ‘When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old ’

可人们为什么拒绝说他们父母的语言呢?这一切都始于一场信任危机。BATH英国濒危语言基金会成员Nicholas Ostler说：“当一个小规模社会发现自己与一个大规模，更富有的社会并肩而存的时候，其成员就会对自己的文化丧失信心。当这个社会的下一代进人青春期的时候，他们很可能不会接受(包括语言在内的)传统事物。”

The change is not always Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national The former US policy of running Indian reservation schools in English, for example, effectively put languages such as Navajo on the danger But Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic ‘Native Americans have not lost pride in their language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures,’ he ‘They cannot refuse to speak English if most commercial activity is in ’ But are languages worth saving? At the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and When an unwritten and unrecorded language disappears, it is lost to

这种转变往往不是自发的。为了加强国家凝聚力，政府通常会通过在公共场合禁用，以及在学校中不提倡使用的方法，消灭少数民族语言。例如，以前美国政府在印地安保留地学校推行英语授课政策，这事实上就是将那瓦霍语等少数语言推上了濒危名单。但是芝加哥大学语言学系系主任Salikoko Mufwene认为，最致命的原因并不是政府政策，而是经济的全球化。他说，“美国印地安人并没有失去对他们自己语言的信心，但是他们不得不去适应社会经济压力。如果大多数生意都是用英语来谈的，他们就不能拒绝说英语，但是，濒危语言就真的值得去挽救吗?至少，对于语言及其进化研究来讲，(不去挽救)就会导致资料的缺失，因为该研究正是基于对现存的和过去的语言的比较而进行的。当一门既无文字记录也无录音考证的语言消失时，对于科学(研究)来讲，它也就不存在了。

Language is also intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one without the ‘If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something,’ Mufwene ‘Moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world,’ says There is mounting evidence that learning a language produces physiological changes in the ‘Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, for instance,’ Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our ’

语言与文化也有千丝万缕的联系，因此要想单纯保存语言而不保留文化是非常困难的。“如果一个本来说那瓦霍语的人现在要改说英语，那么他准得失去点东西。”Mufwene说道，Pagel也评价道，“而且，语言多样性的丧失也使我们无法以多种方式来看待这个世界。”越来越多的证据表明，学*一门语言可以为大脑带来生理上的变化。“比如说，你我的大脑与说法语人的大脑就十分不同，”Page说，这是会影响我们的思维和看法的。“我们针对不同的概念建立了不同的模式和联系，这很可能就是由我们社会的语言*惯构筑而成的。”

So despite linguists’ best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming ‘The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language,’ says Doug Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, ‘Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism,’ he In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori and rekindled interest in the A similar approach in Hawaii has produced about 8,000 new speakers of Polynesian languages in the past few In California, ‘apprentice’ programmes have provided life support to several indigenous Volunteer ‘apprentices’ pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered After about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the language to the next But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every ‘Preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in a jar,’ he

所以，尽管语言学家已经竭尽全力，但是许多语言到了下个世纪还是会消失。但是，一种对文化认同感越来越多的关注，也许会阻止最骇人的预言成为现实。“保持语言多样性的关键在于，让人们接受主流语言的同时，也去学*他们祖先的语言。”康那狄格州纽黑文市濒危语言基金会**Doug Whalen说道，“如果不实行双语制度，大多数濒危语言都无法生存下去。”在新西兰，为孩子们开设的课程明显减轻了毛利语所受的损害，并且重新燃起了人们对该语言的兴趣。在夏威夷，一种相似的方式使波利尼西亚语的使用者在过去数年中增长了8,000人。在加利福尼亚州，“学徒”计划使得数种土著语言得以生存。“学徒”志愿者与某种印地安语的最后一些使用者中的一位组成小组，学*如编织篮子这样的传统工艺，当然交流全部都是用印地安语。通常，经过300个小时的训练后，他们就可以流利地说了，其流利程度足以将这种语言传给他们的子女。但是Mufwene指出，避免语言消失并不等同于通过每天的使用赋予其新的生命。他指出，“保存语言更像用罐子保存水果。”

However, preservation can bring a language back from the There are examples of languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by later But a written form is essential for this, so the mere possibility of revival has led many speakers of endangered languages to develop systems of writing where none existed

然而，通过保存的确可以使一门语言起死回生。已经有例子表明，有些语言通过文字记录被保存了下来，而且还在后代中得以复兴。当然，文字记录是这其中的关键。因此，单单是这种语言复兴的可能性，就使得很多说濒危语言的人试图去创造本来并不存在的文字系统。

Passage 2

参考译文

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN AUSTRALIA

澳大利亚的另类疗法

The first students to study alternative medicine at university level in Australia began their four-year, full-time course at the University of Technology, Sydney, in early Their course covered, among other therapies, The theory they learnt is based on the traditional Chinese explanation of this ancient healing art: that it can regulate the flow of ‘Qi’ or energy through pathways in the This course reflects how far some alternative therapies have come in their struggle for acceptance by the medical

1994年初，澳大利亚第一批另类疗法学生在悉尼科技大学开始了他们为期四年的全职课程。除了学*其他一些疗法之外，他们的课程还包括针灸术，他们所学的理论基于中国古代对这门古老疗法的解释：那就是针灸可以调节“气”或能量在人体神经系统中的流通。这门课程足以反映另类疗法在争取医疗机构认同的斗争中所取得的成果。

Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of ‘We’ve had a tradition of doctors being fairly powerful and I guess they are pretty loath to allow any pretenders to their position to come into ’ In many other industrialised countries, orthodox and alternative medicine have worked ‘hand in glove’ for In Europe, only orthodox doctors can prescribe herbal In Germany, plant remedies account for 10% of the national turnover of Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically

由于对自然或另类疗法所采取的极端保守态度，澳大利亚在西方国家中独树一帜。悉尼大学公共健康系博士Paul Laver评价道：“我们有个传统，医生是相当权威的，我猜他们很不愿意让那些觊觎他们位置的冒牌货得逞。”在其他许多工业国家里，正统医生和另类医师早已亲密无间地合作多年了。在欧洲，只有正统医生才可以开草药。在德国，草药占了药品销售额的10%。1990年美国人去看另类疗法医师的次数比去看传统医生的次数还多，而每年，他们花在未经科学测试的疗法上的钱竟髙达约120亿美元。

Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 In a 1983 national health survey, % of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the By 1990, this figure had risen to % of the The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered by the survey, according to Dr Laver and colleagues writing in the Australian Journal of Public Health in ‘A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general, and increasingly sceptical about science and empirically based knowledge,’ they ‘The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a ’

在过去20年中，由于人们对传统医疗不再迷信，另类疗法在澳大利亚慢慢流行起来。在1983年进行的全国健康调査中，有%的人说此前两周内曾经去看过按摩师、理疗家、整骨医师、针灸医生或草药医生。到了1990年，这个数字已经攀升到澳大利亚人口的%。根据Laver博士和他的同事们刊登在1993年《澳大利亚公共健康期刊》上的报道：在1990年调査中，另类疗法医生进行了55万次诊断，这个数字几乎占了调查中所有医疗诊断的八分之一。“总体而言，受过良好教育又不那么轻信的民众已经对专家失望了，而且对科学和经验主义知识已经越来越怀疑了，”博士们说，“结果，包括医生在内的专业人士的崇高地位也就大打折扣。”

Rather than resisting or criticising this trend, increasing numbers of Australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative therapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and Part of the incentive was financial, Dr Laver ‘The bottom line is that most general practitioners are business If they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they might want to be able to offer a similar ’

越来越多的澳大利亚医生，特别是那些年轻一些的医师，非但没有抵制或是批判这样一个潮流，反而开始与另类疗法医师联合开业，或是干脆自己去学*相关课程，尤其是针灸和草药医学。Laver博士说，部分动机当然是出于经济考虑。“关键在于大多数全科医生都是商人。如果他们看到潜在的客户去别处看病，他们就想也要能提供类似的服务。”

In 1993, Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists’ practices in These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little They commented that they liked the holistic approach of their alternative therapists and the friendly, concerned and detailed attention they had The cold, impersonal manner of orthodox doctors featured in the An increasing exodus from their clinics, coupled with this and a number of other relevant surveys carried out in Australia, all pointing to orthodox doctors’ inadequacies, have led mainstream doctors themselves to begin to admit they could learn from the personal style of alternative Patrick Store, President of the Royal College of General Practitioners, concurs that orthodox doctors could learn a lot about bedside manner and advising patients on preventative health from alternative

1993年，Laver博士和他的同事们发表了一项调查报告，报告包括289名曾到8家另类疗法诊所寻求治疗的悉尼市民。这些诊所共有25名另类治疗师，提供相当广泛的另类疗法。接受调查的人都患有慢性疾病，正统疗法治疗对这些疾病的效果微乎其微。病人们评价说他们喜欢另类疗法医师所采取的全面的治疗手段，也喜欢那里友善热情、细致入微的关怀。这次调査揭示了正统医生的冷漠态度。病人从诊所中大批离去，加上其他一些相关的全国性调查的结果，矛头直指正统医生的不足之处，这就使得他们开始承认应该学*一下另类疗法医师的亲切态度。就连皇家医学院的Patrik Stone博士也赞同说，正统医生应该多学*另类疗法医师对待病人的态度，还有他们给病人的预防建议。

According to the Australian Journal of Public Health, 18% of patients visiting alternative therapists do so because they suffer from musculo-skeletal complaints; 12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1% more than those suffering from emotional Those suffering from respiratory complaints represent 7% of their patients, and candida sufferers represent an equal Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively, and a further 4% see therapists for general health

根据《澳大利亚公共健康期刊》，18%的病人因为得了肌肉骨骼方面的疾病而去看另类医师;12%的人则是因为消化系统疾病，这个数字只比因为感情问题而去就医的人多1个百分点。呼吸系统疾病患者和假丝酵母过敏者各占7%。头疼就医者和整体感觉身体不适而就医者分别占到了6%和5%，还有4%的人看医生只是为了保持身体健康。

The survey suggested that complementary medicine is probably a better term than alternative Alternative medicine appears to be an adjunct, sought in times of disenchantment when conventional medicine seems not to offer the

这项调查表明，与另类疗法这个字眼相比，互补疗法是个更为合适的称呼。前者听起来仿佛是正统疗法的附庸，一种只有当你对传统疗法的无能为力失望后，才会去追寻的东西。

Passage 3

参考译文

PLAY IS A SERIOUS BUSINESS

Does play help develop bigger, better brains? Bryant Furlow investigates

玩耍是件严肃的事

玩耍能否帮助大脑发育得更大更好?Bryant Furlow就此展开了调査。

A Playing is a serious Children engrossed in a make-believe world, fox cubs play-fighting or kittens teasing a ball of string aren’t just having Play may look like a carefree and exuberant way to pass the time before the hard work of adulthood comes along, but there’s much more to it than For a start, play can even cost animals their Eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals occur because playing pups fail to spot predators It is also extremely expensive in terms of Playful young animals use around two or three per cent of their energy cavorting, and in children that figure can be closer to fifteen per ‘Even two or three per cent is huge,’ says John Byers of Idaho ‘You just don’t find animals wasting energy like that,’ he There must be a

A玩耍是件严肃的事。孩子们沉溺在假想的世界中，狐狸幼崽儿嬉戏打闹，小猫玩线球，这些行为都不只是取乐而已。看上去玩耍是成人世界的辛苦工作到来之前，无忧无虑、精力充沛的消磨时光的方式，其实远非如此。首先，玩耍可能使动物们送命。比如，百分之八十的小海狗死亡都是因为玩耍中的小海狗没能看到接近的捕食者。玩耍也是相当消耗精力的。顽皮的小动物要花上百分之二三的精力来嬉戏打闹，而对于儿童而言，这个数字可以高达百分之十五。“就算只有百分之二三也是个不小的数目了。”Idaho大学的John Byers说道，“你很难发现动物们如此消耗精力。”Byers补充说。总有一定的原因使他们这么做。

B But if play is not simply a developmental hiccup, as biologists once thought, why did it evolve? The latest idea suggests that play has evolved to build big In other words, playing makes you Playfulness, it seems, is common only among mammals, although a few of the larger-brained birds also Animals at play often use unique signs — tail-wagging in dogs, for example — to indicate that activity superficially resembling adult behaviour is not really in A popular explanation of play has been that it helps juveniles develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialise as Another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult life by improving their respiratory Both these ideas have been questioned in recent

B但是，如果玩耍不像生物学家们过去认为的那样，只是发育过程中的小插曲的话，那么到底是什么促使了玩耍的发展呢?最新的观点认为玩耍可以促进大脑的发育。换句话说，玩耍使你变得聪明。尽管一些脑子比较大的鸟类也沉溺其中，但玩耍好像还是只在哺乳动物中普遍存在。玩耍中的动物会用一些独特的标志——比如狗摇尾巴来表明这种简单模仿大动物行为的举动并不是玩真的。一种有关玩耍的普遍观点说，玩耍能帮助小动物发展成年之后捕猎、交配以及社交所需要的技能。另一个理论认为，通过增强小动物的呼吸耐力，玩耍可以帮助他们在体力上更适应成年生活。但是这两个理论近年来都遭到了置疑。

C Take the exercise If play evolved to build muscle or as a kind of endurance training, then you would expect to see permanent But Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so any improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by ‘If the function of play was to get into shape,’ says Byers, ‘the optimum time for playing would depend on when it was most advantageous for the young of a particular species to do But it doesn’t work like ’ Across species, play tends to peak about halfway through the suckling stage and then

C就拿锻炼理论来说吧。如果玩耍是为了增强肌肉，或是进行某种耐力训练，那么我们应该能够看到一些终生的效果。但是Byers指出，训练一结束，由增强训练所带来的好处就随之迅速消失了，所以，任何通过小时候的玩耍增强的耐力到了成年阶段就会消失殆尽了。“如果玩耍的作用就是使身体健康的话，”Byers说道，“那么玩耍的最佳时间就应该是对于某种小动物(身体发展)最有利的时间，但是，实际情况并非如此。”无论什么种群的动物，玩耍都倾向于在哺乳期的中期达到顶峰，然后则开始走下坡路。

D Then there’s the skills-training At first glance, playing animals do appear to be practising the complex manoeuvres they will need in But a closer inspection reveals this interpretation as too In one study, behavioural ecologist Tim Caro, from the University of California, looked at the predatory play of kittens and their predatory behaviour when they reached He found that the way the cats played had no significant effect on their hunting prowess in later

D接着，我们又有了技能训练假说。乍看上去，玩耍的小动物好像是在练*那些成年时必须的复杂动作。但是，更为仔细的观察表明，这种解释把问题简单化了。在某项研究中，California大学的行为生态学家Tim Caro观察了小猫的捕食游戏以及它们成年之后的捕猎行为。他发现，小猫玩耍的方式对成年后的捕猎技能并没有太大的影响。

E Earlier this year, Sergio Pellis of Lethbridge University, Canada, reported that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in Comparing measurements for fifteen orders of mammal, he and his team found larger brains (for a given body size) are linked to greater The converse was also found to be Robert Barton of Durham University believes that, because large brains are more sensitive to developmental stimuli than smaller brains, they require more play to help mould them for ‘I concluded it’s to do with learning, and with the importance of environmental data to the brain during development,’ he

E今年早些时候，加拿大Lethbridge大学的Sergio Pellis公布说，哺乳动物的玩耍与他们大脑的大小往往成正比。在比较了十五种哺乳动物的测量数据之后，Sergio和他的研究小组发现，更多的玩耍会造就大一些的脑子(与身体大小比较而言)，而且这个理论反过来也成立。Durham大学的Robert Barton认为，由于大一座的脑子比小一些的脑子对发育刺激更敏感，因此它们需要更多的玩耍来促进它们发育至成年期。他说：“我的结论是，玩耍与学*有关，也与大脑发育过程中环境资料的重要性有关。”

F According to Byers, the timing of the playful stage in young animals provides an important clue to what’s going If you plot the amount of time a juvenile devotes to play each day over the course of its development, you discover a pattern typically associated with a ‘sensitive period’ — a brief development window during which the brain can actually be modified in ways that are not possible earlier or later in Think of the relative ease with which young children — but not infants or adults — absorb Other researchers have found that play in cats, rats and mice is at its most intense just as this ‘window of opportunity’ reaches its

F根据Byers的理论，对于小动物而言，玩耍期的时机对未来的发展至关重要。如果你用图表来表明在发育期间，小动物每天用于玩耍的时间的话，就会发现一种一般与“敏感期”相关联的模式。所谓“敏感期”指的是发育过程中一个短暂的阶段，在这一阶段中，大脑会获得此前和此后都不可能获得的改变。想想孩子们在学*语言时那种婴儿们和大人们都无法做到的得心应手吧。其他学者也发现，猫、田鼠和家鼠最爱玩耍的时期恰好是这扇“机会之窗”达到峰值的时候。

G ‘People have not paid enough attention to the amount of the brain activated by play,’ says Marc Bekoff from Colorado Bekoff studied coyote pups at play and found that the kind of behaviour involved was markedly more variable and unpredictable than that of Such behaviour activates many different parts of the brain, he Bekoff likens it to a behavioural kaleidoscope, with animals at play jumping rapidly between ‘They use behaviour from a lot of different contexts — predation, aggression, reproduction,’ he ‘Their developing brain is getting all sorts of ’

G“人们没有充分注意到玩耍激活了大脑多少部件。”Colorado大学的Marc Bekoff说。Becoff研究了玩要的小土狼，发现其中所涉及的行为显然比成年土狼的花样更多，更不可预测。他推断，这样的行为能激活大脑许多不同的部分。由于动物们在玩耍时行为总是迅速地变换，Becoff将玩耍比喻为一个行为万花筒。“他们会做出不同环境所需要的动作——捕猎，进攻，繁殖等，而他们正在发育的大脑获得了各种各样的刺激。”

H Not only is more of the brain involved in play than was suspected, but it also seems to activate higher cognitive ‘There’s enormous cognitive involvement in play,’ says He points out that play often involves complex assessments of playmates, ideas of reciprocity and the use of specialised signals and He believes that play creates a brain that has greater behavioural flexibility and improved potential for learning later in The idea is backed up by the work of Stephen Siviy of Gettysburg Siviy studied how bouts of play affected the brain’s levels of a particular chemical associated with the stimulation and growth of nerve He was surprised by the extent of the ‘Play just lights everything up,’ he By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other, play may enhance

H大脑不仅比猜想中更多地参与玩耍，而且好像还能够激活更髙级的认知过程。“玩耍中有很多的认知成分。”Becoff指出。玩耍通常包括对玩伴的评估，互相依存的观念，以及恃殊标志及规则的使用。他认为玩耍会创造一个更具行为灵活性，在今后生活中更多学*潜力的大脑。这一观点得到了Gettysburg学院Stephen Siviy研究结果的支持。Siviy认为玩耍能够影响大脑中一种特殊化学物质的分泌，这种物质会刺激神经细胞生长。他被这种刺激可能达到的程度吓了一跳。“玩耍使一切都变得活泼起来。”通过使大脑中不常交流的部分产生联系，玩耍也许会提髙创造力。

I What might further experimentation suggest about the way children are raised in many societies today? We already know that rat pups denied the chance to play grow smaller brain components and fail to develop the ability to apply social rules when they interact with their With schooling beginning earlier and becoming increasingly exam-orientated, play is likely to get even less of a Who knows what the result of that will be?

I进一步的实验又会对如今许多社会中，孩子们被养育的方式有何影响呢?我们已经知道，没有机会玩耍的小老鼠，大脑各部分发育得比较小，同时也不具备运用社会规则与其他小老鼠交流的能力。在上学年龄越来越早，学校教育越来越应试化的今天，大家对玩耍的作用不屑一顾。谁会知道这样做会带来什么样的影响呢?

阅读答案原文及翻译 第9篇

Passage 1

Question 1

答案：
D

关键词：
main topic

定位原文: 文章标题

解题思路: 通过标题知道整篇文章的主旨是“通过激光来回击闪电”，因此答案是 D 选项,意思为 “一种用于控制闪电袭击的激光技术”，属于对标题的同义替换。

Question 2

答案：
A

关键词：
every year lightening

定位原文：
第1段内容

解题思路：
本题考查关于每年闪电情况的细节,可 定位于第一段。B 选项可以通过 golfer 一词来定 位,也在第一段,原文意思是“孤单的高尔夫球 手或许将是闪电之箭最为有吸引力的目标”,选 项 B“在美国主要杀死或者伤害高尔夫球手”改 变了原意 ;C 和 D 选项可以分别通过 500,100 这两个数字来定位到第一段,但是 C 选项中将原 文 in the United States 偷换成了 throughout the world,因此不对;D中将原文的$100 million 偷换成 100 companies,也不对。通过对第一段 的概括,可以知道闪电带来的影响是非常大的, 因此答案是 A。

Question 3

答案：
A

关键词：
University of Florida, University of New Mexico

定位原文：
第三段和第五段内容

解题思路：
题目问的是 University of Florida 和 University of New Mexico 的研究员的关系。通 过 University of Florida 和 University of New Mexico 分别定位至第三段和第五段。对两处论 述进行对比,不难得出两者共同之处是“从同一来源获得经费”，都是 EPRI。答案是 A。

Question 4

答案：
power companies

关键词：
EPRI, financial support

对应原文：
第3段第4句“EPRI, which is funded…”

解题思路：
用EPRI定位到文章第三段，EPRI第一次出现之后即指出其是由电力公司资助的，原文中的funded 等同于题干中的 receives financial support from, 因此答案应该填power companies。注意不要写成单数。

Question 5

答案：
safely

关键词：
Diels, advantage

定位原文：
第5段第3句“ try to use lasers to…”

解题思路：
用人名Diels在文中定位到第五段，从题目看出这里应填入一个副词，所以可以在人名周围寻找 use或者use的替换词，并且在其周围找带有-ly形式的词，这样正确答案safely很快就能浮出水面了。

Question 6

答案: size

关键词: difficulty, laser equipment

定位原文: 第7段第1、2句“…The laser is no nifty…”

解题思路：
这道题目的定位稍微有一些困难，需要将 difficulty一词与文章中的stumbling block联系起来，进而找到第七段中的laser一词。文中提到，该激光设备并不方便携带，它是个体积占据了一整间房间的庞然大物。看到这里，通过理解，考生们可以想到激光设备最大的问题就是体积太大，不好携带，所以正确答案是size。

Question 7

答案：
B

关键词：
removing electrons

定位原文：
第6段第1句“ extract electrons out…”

解题思路：
本题关键是要理解题目中的与文中的 属于同义替换，这里要表达的是从原子(atoms)中提取电荷(electrons)。

Question 8

答案: C

关键词: then, control electrical charges

定位原文: 第6段第2句“If a laser could generate a line of ionization in the air all the way up to a storm ”

解题思路：
注意文中generate是“产生”的意思;directed at对应文中的 all the way up to，其后的 a storm cloud即对应空格处要填的内容。因此正确答案是C。

Question 9

答案: G

关键词: less dangerous than

定位原文: 第4段和第5段内容

解题思路：解答本题需要对文章有一个提炼,第 9 题问的是激光是相对于哪种方式更加有安全 的技术。根据第四段和第五段可以知道，第四段说火箭发射的缺点，第五段说出于安全性的考虑开始使用激光，因此答案应该是火箭(rockets)。

Question 10

答案: D

关键词：
protection, aimed firstly

定位原文：
第6段第3、4句“To stop the laser…”

解题思路: protection对应文中的 struck; at是解题关键词，即使不知道文中的directed和题目中的aimed是同义词，也可以从词组的形式上看出来两者是同位的，其后的名词即为答案。由此可知答案是D。

Question 11

答案: NO

关键词: Diels, enough money

定位原文: 第8段第3句“‘I cannot say I have…”

解题思路: “I cannot say I have money yet, but I am working on it”( “我还不能说我已经拿到钱了，但是我正在为之努力。”)看到这句话，再联系上句：Bernstein says that Diels’ system is attracting lots of interest from the power But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial (Bernstein表示，Diels的激光系统正在引起各电力公司的广泛兴趣。但他们还没有准备EPRI提出的500万美元——开发一个……的商用系统的所需资金。)这两句话足以证明Diels系统还没有得到足够的资金支持。

Question 12

答案：
YES

关键词：
depend on tests in real storms

定位原文：
第8段第4句“He reckons…”

解题思路：
根据第八段Bernstein的话可知,他认为即将来临的实地测验将是转折点,他希望有好消息。如果一切进展顺利，Bernstein 预测关注和支持将潮涌而来。题目表述符合文意。

Question 13

答案：
NOT GIVEN

关键词：
Diels, weather forecasters

定位原文：
第9段最后两句“Diels also hopes…”

解题思路：
文章第九段虽然提到了天气预报，即Diels希望将来看到“交互式气象学”， 不仅是预报天气，还可以控制天气 ;但是却并没有提到过 weather forecasters 的态度，他们也许感兴趣,也许不感兴趣，无从判断。

Test 3 Passage 2

Question 14-Question 18

答案: B C F H J

关键词: popular beliefs

定位原文: 第2段整体内容

解题思路: A 对应“if people are talented…”意思是“如果一个人在某一方面具有天赋,他们必然在另一方面有缺陷”因此天才并非是在各个领域都具备天赋的，A错误;B对应“prodigies burn…” 意思是“神童只是昙花一现”B选项正确;C对应“people with ” 言下之意也就是有天赋的人需要使用他们的天赋，C正确;F对应“genius runs in families” 也就是说天赋是遗传的，F对;H对应“we envy the ”说明人们并不会真正欣赏天才，H正确;J对应“adversity makes…” 说明天才在困境中发展其天赋， J正确;其他选项没有提及。

Question 19

答案: TRUE

关键词：
nineteen-century, studies

定位原文：第3段内容

解题思路: 本题需要通读第3段，可以得知，原文只提到了研究会考虑 the method of upbringing，但是没有考虑到 uniqueness of the person’s upbringing，题目表述符合文意。

Question 20

答案: TRUE

关键词：
nineteen-century, objectivity

定位原文：
第3段最后1句“It was only with…”

解题思路：
通过本句首先可以推测出19世纪关于天才的研究缺乏客观性，然后通过if still not always very scientific得知，连20世纪有关天才的研究都并不总是很科学，那么就更别提19世纪的研究了，因此可以推测出本题正确答案是TRUE。

Question 21

答案：
FALSE

关键词：
general powers, area

定位原文：第4段第5句“We may disagree…”

解题思路：定位句的意思是“但我们可能会对“各方面”这一点有所保留，因为我们怀疑是否所有的天才音乐家都可以成为天才科学家，反之亦然。”这句话表明了作者对于所谓全能型天才的质疑，正好与题干的表述相反，故答案应该是 FALSE。

Question 22

答案：
TRUE

关键词：
skills, ordinary individuals, prodigies

定位原文：第5段第1句“What we appreciate,…”

解题思路：天才的技能和普通人的技能在本质上是相似的，尽管在表现上不一样。题目表述符合文意。

Question 23

答案：
TRUE

关键词：
truly great ideas

定位原文：第5段最后两句“But that their minds…”

解题思路：
作者先是举出数个例子来说明天才伟大的思想或者作品已经成为日常生活中司空见惯的东西，这就对应了题目的前半句the ，接着又提出This does not minimise the supremacy of their achievements，正好对应题干后半句。因此此题选TRUE。

Question 24

答案：
NOT GIVEN

关键词：
giftedness, genius, scientific research

定位原文：第6段第1句“To think of geniuses and the gifted…”

解题思路：第6段开头提到了“geniuses and the gifted…”但是题目表述的观点没有被提及。

Question 25

答案：
TRUE

关键词：
pay a high price

定位原文：第6段最后一句话“ we should also recognize…”

解题思路：
这句话以及接下来的内容明确说明了天才在成为天才的道路上所付出的高昂代价，是本题中最容易判断的一道题目。

Question 26

答案：
NOT GIVEN

关键词：
high personal cost

定位原文：第6段最后1句的后半句“ we should also…”

解题思路：…但是也应该看到他们为此所付出的代价，看到他们的锲而不舍，专心致志，献身精神，自我约束，他们对自己时间和精力的严格要求，以及多少次他们不得不表现出极大的勇气来保持自身的正直或艰难地走向成功。这些都是天才为了成为天才而付出的个人代价，但是通过其前后句，没有任何一个评述讲到这种个人付出值还是不值。典型的文中无此信息型题目。

Test 3 Passage 3

Question 27

答案：
ix

关键词：
fundamental differences, objects, organisms

定位原文：B段前4句“Our ‘dead’ products… the same way”

解题思路：要想弄清楚这一段的意思，至少要阅读前半段，才能明白作者是在对object变旧的过程和生物体衰老的过程做对比。通过is not inexorable in the same way 猜测出是对应答案中的fundamental differences。正确答案为ix。

Question 28

答案：
ii

关键词：
dying, beneficial

定位原文：C段第3、4句“Nevertheless, a restricted…”

解题思路：首先在C段找到表达转折意义的副词 nevertheless，一般段落大意都藏在转折词后面;接着发现the reason for this，这就可以对应选项ii中的why;接着读下去发现提到了死亡是必要的，immortality会扰乱整个生态系统，这样就可以进行选择了。正确答案是ii。

Question 29

答案：
vii

关键词：
stable, despite improvements

定位原文：D段第2句和第4句“ but within one species…”“Although more…”

解题思路：本段指出，每个生物体都有极具特色的寿命;不同物种之间的寿命有很大差别，但同一物种中，这个参数相对恒定，这就是选项vii中所提到的a stable life span; 接下来的although则可以对应Heading中的despite, improvement对应句中的 developments in medical care and better nutrition。这样就和Heading的意思完全吻合了。正确答案是vii。

Question 30

答案：
i

关键词：
biological clock

定位原文：E段第1句“If a life span is a genetically…”

解题思路：本段首句中提到：如果寿命是一个由基因决定的生物特征，那么我们就有必要提出这样一个观点，那就是生物体内存在一个内部时钟。这是文章第一次提到生物钟这样一个概念。正确答案是i。

Question 31：

答案：
viii

关键词：
energy consumption

定位原文：
F段第1句“Animals which behave "frugally" with…”

解题思路：本段列举了众多例子,都是为了说明一个问题——能力消耗的多少与寿命长短成反比：新陈代谢越快，寿命越，新陈代谢越慢，寿命越长。选项 iii“能力消耗”抽象概括了本段的主题。

Question 32：

答案：
iv

关键词：
prolonging

定位原文：
G段首句“It follows from…”

解题思路：
Heading中的prolong一词等同于本段首句中的extend。句意为：“从上面的讨论可以看出，节约使用我们的能量储备应该可以延长寿命。”正确答案是iv。

Question 33 & Question 34

答案：
physical chemistry (and) thermodynamics

关键词：
objects age in accordance with principle

定位原文：
B段第3、4句“Ageing in this case…”

解题思路：
并列的两处空格中需填名词。首先到文中寻找 objects一词，可以在B段顺利找到，然后请注意寻找并列关系连接词and，很快可以发现正确答案。答案为physical chemistry (and) thermodynamics。

Question 35：

答案：
adapt

关键词：
mutations, organisms

定位原文：
C段第5句“Because of…”

解题思路：
首先通过mutations一词将此题在文章中定位，虽然寻找过程不容易，但是一定要相信自己能找到。定位之后寻找空格后的关键字better to，根据空格前的情态动词can推测空格处只能填一个动词，而且是原型，还要能和to搭配。这么一来，这句话里只有一个对应词比较合适：adaptation, 将其变形为动词即可。

Question 36：

答案：
immortality

关键词：
evolution theory

定位原文：
C段最后1句“Immortality would disturb …”

解题思路：
空格处要填入的是会对进化论带来严重问题的内容，可通过evolution进行定位。注意disturb一词意思 是“干扰、扰乱”，对应题目中的pose a serious problem for，因此答案为 immortality。

Question 37：

答案：
NO

关键词：
the wear and tear theory

定位原文：
B段前4句“Our ‘dead’ products…”

解题思路：对于生物体而言，死亡并非不可阻挡的，因此自然磨损理论对于生物体来讲，当然就不太适用了。

inexorable在解题中起着关键作用。

Question 38：

答案：
YES

关键词：
older, ageing

定位原文：
B段第5句“At least as long as…”

解题思路：
至少只要一个生物系统有能力自我更新，它就确实能够不断成长但不会老化……

这句话与题目中的叙述完全吻合，故答案应该是YES

Question 39：

答案：
NOT GIVEN

关键词：
seven years, 90 per cent

定位原文：
B段和F段

解题思路：
文章在 B 段和 F 段均提到生物体的更新代谢，但是并没有提到具体的数值。

Question 40：

答案：
YES

关键词：
energy

定位原文：
G段第1句“It follows from…”

解题思路：
题目表述是G段首句的同义替换, 其中题目中的 conserving energy 对应原文中的 sparing use of energy。

阅读答案原文及翻译 第10篇

Test 1 Passage1

Question 1-Question 3

答案：D E G

关键词：Johnson’s Dictionary

定位原文：全文综合信息处理

解题思路: A选项的all，B选项的only都太绝对了;C选项对应的原文在第4段第4句“Johnson decided…”原文都说了他不需要那么多人来确认语言问题的讨论结果，和选项意思矛盾;D选项说约翰逊字典主要集中于当代文本中的语言，原文第6段第1句“Johnson wrote…”说的是drawn from the Elizabethans to his own time;意思一致;E选项和文中第6段第3句“Working to a deadline…”意思一致;G选项和第6段第5句意思一致;F选项和H选项的定位句分别在第6段“ had to draw on the best of all previous ”和第6段“He did not expect to achieve complete ”都与原文矛盾。

Question 4

答案：copying clerks或clerks

关键词：1764/a number of/who stood at

定位原文: 第5段第1句“…with a long desk running down the middle”

解题思路: a number of要求其后填名词复数形式，而此空后面的非限制性定语从句who又限定要填一个关于人的名词。

Question 5

答案：library

关键词：did not have a/40，000

定位原文: 第6段第1句“The work was immense：filling about eighty large…”

解题思路: 找到定位句后，很容易得到答案library。

Question 6

答案：stability

关键词：James Boswell

定位原文: 第8段最后1句“… in James Boswell’s ”

解题思路: 原文的conferred on 和 空处的bring to 属于同义表达。

Question 7

答案：pension

关键词：King

定位原文: 第9段1句“… King George III to offer him a pension”

解题思路: offer him a pension 和题目的 was granted a pension 属于同义表达。

Question 8

答案：TRUE

关键词: middle classes

定位原文: 第3段第1句“Beyond…”

解题思路: 题干中的growing跟increase对应这一句中的两个rise，与原文意思一致。

Question 9

答案：FALSE

关键词：Johnson/death

定位原文: 第3段第2句“ famous in his own time as in ”

解题思路: 这句话表明他当时跟现代都享有盛誉，题干与原文矛盾。题干的 well known 为文章里这句话中的famous的同义替换。

Question 10

答案: NOT GIVEN

关键词：several years

定位原文: 第4段内容

解题思路: 按照判断是非题的顺序原则，这题在文章中的定位应该在第9题在文章中所定位的语句后面，同时又应该出现在第11题定位语句的前面，故应该从第3段末开始找一直到第4段中间，我们找不到任何跟题干相关的信息，故此题为not given。

Question 11

答案：FALSE

关键词: academy

定位原文：第4段第4句“Johnson decided he did not need…”

解题思路: 这句话正说明约翰逊并未建立研究院来协助他完成字典的编纂。

Question 12

答案：
FALSE

关键词：payment

定位原文: 第4段最后1句“He was to be paid …”

解题思路: He was to be paid……installment对应,明确提到了得到分期付款，跟题干矛盾。

Question 13

答案：
TRUE

关键词：assistants/publication

定位原文: 第5段最后1句“He was also helped by six assistants…”

解题思路: 题干中的 not survive 跟文章中这句话的die对应，根据文意，题目表述是正确的。

Test 1 Passage 2

Question 14

答案：F

关键词：biological explanation/teacher-subject

定位原文: F段第1句“…and that Milgram’s teacher-subjects were just following…”

解题思路: 文章F段第一句中genetic，built-in，instinct这些词与题干中的biological explanation对应。

Question 15

答案：A

关键词：explanation/for the experiment

定位原文: A段最后1句“Specifically…”

解题思路: 定位句中的短语in the cause of 即为题干explanation的同义替换。

Question 16

答案：
B

关键词：identity/pupil

定位原文: B段第3句“The supposed “pupil” was…”

解题思路: 找到对应句后很容易得出答案B。

Question 17

答案：
D

关键词：expected/statistical

定位原文: D段倒数第2句“The phychiatrists felt that “most subjects…”

解题思路: 定位到D段后，发现这些数字都是描述的实验预期的结果。

Question 18

答案：
I

关键词：general aim/sociobiological study

定位原文: I段第3句“This, in essence, is…”

解题思路: 找到定位句后，比较容易得出答案。

Question 19

答案：
C

关键词：persuaded/continue

定位原文: C段第2、3、4句“Many of the teacher-subjects balked…”

解题思路: 注意go on即为 continue的同义替换。

Question 20

答案: B

关键词：teacher-subjects were

定位原文: A段最后1句“Specifically, Milgram told each volunteer…”

解题思路: 定位句说得很清楚：Milgram向每位在试验中扮演教师角色的志愿者明确地解释，试验是为了崇高的教育事业而进行的，是要测试体罚犯错误的学生是否会对学生的学*能力产生积极的影响。这就对应选项B。

Question 21

答案：
D

关键词：instructed

定位原文: B段最后1句“Milgram told the teacher-subject…”

解题思路: 其中的instructed跟文章中的told对应，按照控制试验条件的规则，不管电压多髙都要直接施加。

Question 22

答案：
C

关键词：
phychiatrists

定位原文: D段第2句“The overwhelming consensus…”E段第1、2句“What were the actual results? Well, over 60 per…”

解题思路: 由这两句话的反差可以看出，精神科医生的确低估了试验对象对规则的遵从程度，其中的be willing to 跟题干中的willingness属于同义表达。

Question 23

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：Yale University

定位原文: A段第1句“ Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from…”

解题思路: all walks of life是社会各界的意思，我们并不能肯定试验者就是来自耶鲁大学的心理学学生。本题属于典型的完全未提及型NOT GIVEN。

Question 24

答案：TRUE

关键词：explain/survival mechanism

定位原文: F段第2句“A modem hard-core sociobiologist might…”

解题思路: 定位句中的advantageous trait 与题干中的positive survival mechanism 属于同义表达。

Question 25

答案：FALSE

关键词：sociobiological explanation

定位原文: H段内容和I段第1句“Here we have two radically different…”

解题思路: 定位句的两句话都在体现出个人价值观在被权威所统治。

Question 26

答案：FALSE

关键词：sociobiology

定位原文: I段整个段落内容

解题思路: 我们在文章最后一段可以得知Milgram的实验并未解决社会生物学上的这个重大问题，只不过是证明了这个问题的存在。

Test 1 Passage 3

Question 27

答案：YES

关键词：environmentalists

定位原文: 第1段第1、2句 “For many…”

解题思路: hit-list重要事件的列表，按计划迸行杀害的名单。在这里应该理解为一系列。

Question 28

答案：
NOT GIVEN

关键词：1972, only

定位原文: 第2段第2句““the Limits to Growth”was published in 1972…”

解题思路: 1972年这个信息只在上面这句话中出现，而按照顺序解题原则，这道题目的答案只能在第二段中寻找，实际上该段并未提到任何关于资料搜集开始时间的信息。所以这是一道典型的NOT GIVEN。

Question 29

答案：
NO

关键词：
starving people

定位原文: 第2段第3句“Fewer people are starving…”

解题思路: 这句话意思非常明确了，和题目表述矛盾。

Question 30

答案：
NOT GIVEN

关键词：
species

定位原文: 第2段第5句话“Third, although species are indeed…”

解题思路: 这一句虽然提到了物种，但是并没有提到题目中论述的那个话题。而且，题目其实也是在变相地将新旧物种比较，属于并不存在的比较关系，因此应选择NOT GIVEN。

Question 31

答案：
YES

关键词：
industrialisation

定位原文: 第2段第6句“And finally, most forms…”

解题思路: 这句话说明工业化早期的确引起了一些污染问题，，故此题选YES。

Question 32

答案：
NO

关键词：
economic growth/best

定位原文: 第2段第6句“ therefore best cured not by restricting…”

解题思路: 文中已经明确提到控制污染的最好方式不是减慢经济发展速度，而是加速经济发展。

Question 33

答案：
C

关键词：paragraph 4

定位原文: 第4段第2句“Scientific funding goes mainly…”

解题思路: 题目问的是作者提出了对哪个科研领域的关注，定位句明确说明这同样也给人们造成了一种印象，似乎存在许多潜在的问题，而事实并非如此，言下之意就是要确认好对研究领域的选择，C选项符合。

Question 34

答案：
D

关键词：Worldwide Fund for Nature

定位原文: 第5段第3句“Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes…”

解题思路: 定位句明确说明也许有时候他们夸张了事实，选项D符合。

Question 35

答案：
C

关键词：paragraph 6

定位原文：第6段第2句“That would matter less if…”

解题思路：题目问的是作者对游说团体的看法，C选项和原文表述一致。

Question 36

答案：
B

关键词：newspaper print

定位原文: 第7段第3句“Newspaper and broadcasters…”

解题思路: 定位句说报纸和广播应该提供给公众所需要的，选项B满足读者需求，和原文表述一致。

Question 37

答案：
B

关键词：America

定位原文: 第8段第3句“Yet, even if…”

解题思路: 题目问的是作者对美国垃圾问题的观点是什么，定位句说即便垃圾持续增长，人口增长，整个21世纪美国产生的垃圾只占整个美国面积的12万分之一，言下之意，就是B选项：垃圾问题没有我们想象的严重。

Question 38

答案：
long-term

关键词：
global warming/a

定位原文: 文章中最后4段内容

解题思路:这里应该填一个表示正面惑情色彩的形容词，而且这个词要可以和challenge搭配。那么选择范围就缩小到了agreed/right/long-term/surprising/urgent五个词上，,然后再根据后半句but来判断，,作者对全球变暖问题的态度是乐观的，显然应该是一个与catastrophic相反的词，因此范围最终缩小到了long-term。

Question 39

答案：
right

关键词：way

定位原文: 文章最后4段内容

解题思路: 要和way来搭配，修饰way。按照题目中句子的含义来说，就是说以一个比较好的，合理的处理方法，就不会有灾难性的影响，只有right是最符合的。

Question 40

答案：
urgent

关键词: health problem

定位原文: 倒数第2段第2句“…most pressing…”

解题思路: 这句话中的most pressing指最急迫的，最迫切的，正好和词库中的urgent相对应，属于同义表达。

阅读答案原文及翻译 第11篇

杨震年已五十余，累迁荆州刺史，东莱太守。当之郡，道经昌邑，故所举荆州茂才王密为昌邑令，夜怀金十斤以遗震。震曰：“故人知君，君不知故人，何也？”密曰：“暮夜无知者。”震说：“天知，地知，我知，子知，何谓无知者！”密愧而出。

（《资治通鉴》）

注：累迁：多次升官。昌邑：地名。茂才：秀才。

1、解释加点的词语。

①王密为（ ）昌邑令 ②夜怀金十斤以遗（ ）震

2、翻译句子。

故人知君，君不知故人，何也？

3、从这段文字可以看出杨震怎样的品质？

参考答案

1．（1）做，当 （2）送给；

2．我（老朋友）了解你，你却不了解我（老朋友），为什么?

3．表现清正廉洁（不徇私情的品质。）

二：

9．解释加点的词语。

①当之（.到、往 ）郡

②夜怀（ 怀揣 ）金十斤以遗震

③夜怀金十斤以遗（赠与 ）震

④故（原来、从前 ）所举荆州茂才王密为昌邑令

10. 下列句中加点的“而”与“密愧而出”中的“而”意义相同的`一项是（D ）（2 分）。

A.道渴而死

B.后狼止而后前狼又至

C.狼亦黠矣，而顷刻两毙

D.拔山倒树而来

11.翻译句子。

故人知君，君不知故人，何也？

翻译：我了解你的为人，你怎么不了解我的为人？

12.从这段文字可以看出杨震怎样的品质？

答案：可看出杨震清正廉明的高尚品质。

译文：

杨震已经五十多岁了，多次升职做到荆州 刺史、东莱太守。该去赴任时，路过昌邑（地名） ，他曾经推荐过的荆州茂才（秀才）王密正是昌邑县令， 夜里揣着十斤黄金来送给杨震。杨震说："老朋友我了解你，你却不了解我，为什么？"王密说："夜里没有 人知道。"杨震说："天知，地知，我知，你知，怎么能说没有知道的！"王密惭愧的走了。

阅读答案原文及翻译 第12篇

燕将攻下聊城，聊城人或谗之燕，燕将惧诛，因保守聊城，不敢归。齐田单攻聊城岁余，士卒多死而聊城不下。鲁连乃为书，约之矢以射城中，遗燕将。书曰：

吾闻之，智者不倍时而弃利，勇士不却死而灭名，忠臣不先身而后君。今公行一朝之忿，不顾燕王之无臣，非忠也；
杀身亡聊城，而威不信于齐，非勇也；
功败名灭，后世无称焉，非智也。今死生荣辱，贵贱尊卑，此时不再至，愿公详计而无与俗同。

且楚攻齐之南阳，魏攻平陆。今秦人下兵，魏不敢东面；
衡秦①之势成，楚国之形危；
且夫齐之必决于聊城，公勿再计。今楚魏交退于齐，而燕救不至。以全齐之兵，无天下之规，与聊城共据期年之敝，则臣见公之不能得也。为公计者，不如全车甲以报于燕。上辅孤主以制群臣，下养百姓以资说士，矫国更俗，功名可立也。亡意亦捐燕弃世，东游于齐乎？裂地定封，富比乎陶、卫，世世称孤，与齐久存，又一计也。此两计者，显名厚实也，愿公详计而审处一焉。

且吾闻之，规小节者不能成荣名，恶小耻者不能立大功。故管子不耻身在缧绁之中而耻天下之不治，不耻不死公子纠而耻威之不信于诸侯，故兼三行之过而为五霸首，名高天下而光烛邻国。桓公朝天下，会诸侯，曹子以一剑之任，枝桓公之心于坛坫之上，颜色不变，辞气不悖，三战之所亡一朝而复之，天下震动，诸侯惊骇，威加吴、越。若此二士者，非不能成小廉而行小节也，以为杀身亡躯，绝世灭后，功名不立，非智也。故去感忿之怨，立终身之名；
弃忿悁②之节，定累世之功。是以业与三王争流，而名与天壤相弊也。愿公择一而行之。

燕将见鲁连书，泣三日，犹豫不能自决。欲归燕，已有隙，恐诛；
欲降齐，所杀虏于齐甚众，恐已降而后见辱。喟然叹曰：“与人刃我，宁自刃。”乃自杀。

（选自《史记》，有删改）

〖注〗①衡秦：与秦国连横。“衡”，通“横”。指六国东西联合共同侍奉秦国。②悁：作愤恨之意。

4、下列语句中加点词语的解释，不正确的一项是：（ ）（3分）

A．因保守聊城，不敢归 保守：保卫、守住

B．不耻身在缧绁之中 缧绁：累赘、牵累

C．名高天下而光烛邻国 烛：照、照耀

D．欲归燕，已有隙 隙：隔阂，裂痕

5、下列语句编为四组，全都属于鲁连说服燕将放弃聊城的一组是：（ ） （3分）

①聊城人或谗之燕 ②不如全车甲以报于燕 ③于齐久存，又一计也

④恶小耻者不能立大功 ⑤故去感忿之怨，立终身之名 ⑥恐已降而后见辱

A．①②⑤ B．①③⑤ C．③④⑤ D．②④⑥

6、下列对原文有关内容的分析和概括，不正确的一项是：
（ ）（3分）

A．齐国久攻聊城不下，鲁连将写好的信绑在箭上射给城中的燕将。

B．鲁连指出齐军对聊城势在必得，预见燕将无法继续守城。

C．鲁连又勾画出燕将班师回国，得以确立功名的美好前景。

D．管、曹二士的非凡事迹使得燕将羞愧难当，最终只好自杀了。

7、 翻译（10分）：

（1）智者不倍时而弃利，勇士不却死而灭名，忠臣不先身而后君。（4分）

（2）规小节者不能成荣名，恶小耻者不能立大功。（3分）

（3）欲降齐，所杀虏于齐甚众，恐已降而后见辱。（3分）

参考答案

4. B （“缧世”指牢狱。）

5．C（①与鲁连无关，⑥是燕将的担心）

6．D（燕将是因为读过信后感到进退两难、走投无路才决定自杀的。）

7.(1) 明智的人不违背时机而放弃有利的行动，勇士不回避死亡而埋没名声，忠臣不先顾及自己而后顾及国君。

(2)谋求小节的人不能成就荣耀的名声，以小耻为耻的人不能建立大的功业。

(3)想要投降齐国，杀死和俘虏的齐人太多了，恐怕降服后被侮辱。

【参考译文】

燕将攻克聊城，聊城有人在燕王面前说燕将的坏话，燕将害怕被诛杀，就守住聊城，不敢回（燕国）。齐国田单攻打聊城一年多，士兵们死了很多，却攻打不下聊城。鲁连就写了一封信，系在箭上射进城中，送给燕将。信上说：

我听说，明智的人不违背时机而放弃有利的行动，勇士不回避死亡而埋没名声，忠臣不先顾及自己而后顾及国君。如今您发泄一时的愤怒，不顾及燕王失去臣子，是不忠诚的；
战死身亡而丢掉聊城，威名不能在齐国伸张，是不勇敢的；
功业失败而名声破灭，后世不能称许您，是不明智的。如今（是抉择）死生荣辱，贵贱尊卑（的关键时刻），这样的时机不会再来，希望您仔细考虑而不要和俗人一般见识。

况且楚国进攻齐国的南阳，魏国进攻（齐国的）平陆。如今秦国派出军队（援助齐国），魏国不敢向东（进军）；
齐国与秦国连横的局面已形成了，楚国的形势危急。况且齐国一定要在聊城决战，您就不要再考虑了。现在楚魏两国的军队交替着从齐国撤退，而燕国的.救兵又没到。齐国全部的兵力对天下别无谋求，（您）如果还要据守已经围困了一年多的聊城，我看您是办不到的。替您考虑，不如保全兵力用来答谢燕国。对上辅佐国君来统率群臣；
对下奉养百姓并资助游说之士，矫正国事改变风俗，事业声名都可以建立了。如果没有回归燕国的心志（不）也（可以）抛弃燕国并摒弃世俗的议论，向东投奔齐国吗？（齐国会）割裂土地予以分封，使您富贵得可以和陶、卫一样，世世代代称王，和齐国长久并存，这也是一种办法。这两种方案，是显扬名声丰厚实惠的好主意，希望您仔细地考虑从而审慎地选择其中一条。

我还听说，谋求小节的人不能成就荣耀的名声，以小耻为耻的人不能建立大的功业。从前管仲不以身在牢狱为耻辱，却以天下不能太平为耻辱，不以未能随公子纠去死为耻辱，却以不能在诸侯中显扬威名为耻辱，因此他虽然兼有（犯上、怕死、受辱）三重过失，却辅佐齐桓公成为五霸之首，他的名声比天下任何人都高，而他的光辉照耀着邻国。桓公使天下人朝拜，大会诸侯（时），曹刿凭借一把短剑，在坛上逼近桓公的心窝，脸色不变，谈吐从容，多次战败所丢掉的土地一会儿工夫就收回来了，使天下震动，使诸侯吃惊，使鲁国的威名在吴、越之上。像这二位志士，不是不顾全小的名节和廉耻，（而是）认为一死了之，身亡名灭后，功业（就）不能建立，这不是聪明的做法。所以（他们）摒弃一时的愤怒，树立终身的威名；
放弃一时的愤怒，奠定世世代代的功业。所以这些业绩和三王的功业争相流传，而名声和天地共存。希望您选择其中一个方案行动吧！

燕将看了鲁连的信，哭了好几天，犹豫着不能自断。想要回归燕国，已经产生了嫌隙，怕被诛杀；
想要投降齐国，杀死和俘虏的齐人太多了，恐怕降服后被侮辱。（燕将）长长地叹息说：“与其让别人杀死我，还不如自杀。”就自杀了。

阅读答案原文及翻译 第13篇

Question 1

答案：TRUE

关键词：record,1900

定位原文：第1段第1句“Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through ”

解题思路：“自从20世纪早期国际田联开始记录成绩以来……”，题干说现代官方运动员记录始于大约1900年。因此答案为TRUE。

Question 2

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：before the twen?tieth century

定位原文：第1段第1句“Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through ”

解题思路：很明显体感说的与原文说的相反，故答案为FALSE。

Question 3

答案：FALSE

关键词：burst of energy

定位原文：第1段第2-3句“For the so-called power…In the endurance events the results have been more ”

解题思路：体感说运动员的成绩提高幅度最大的项目是需要爆发力强的项目，而原文说的是在持久项目中，运动成绩提高得更多。故答案为FALSE。

Question 4

答案：FALSE

关键词：genetics

定位原文：第3段第1-2句“Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University at Fullerton, maintains that "genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can ”

解题思路：题干说的是基因在运动员的表现上起完全充分的作用。而文中说的很明显是只有大概三分之一的决定因素。故正确答案为FALSE。

Question 5

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：parents of top athletes

定位原文：无

解题思路：题干中说顶尖运动员的父母通常也是很成功的运动员。而文中并未提到。

Question 6

答案：TRUE

关键词：gifted athletes, younger age

定位原文：第2段第3句“Over the past century, the composition of… be identified ”

解题思路：题干中说运动不断提升的国际重要性意味着有天分的运动员有可能被发现的更早。定位句中最后也说道因此现在比以往更有可能尽早发现那些独具运动员基因的个体。故正确答案是TRUE。

Question 7

答案：genetics

关键词：American runners

定位原文：第3段第4句“Yessis believes that runners, despite their impressive achievements, are "running on their ”

解题思路：根据大写字母American runners定位到原文第3段第4句，可知答案为genetics。

Question 8

答案：power

关键词：former Soviet Union

定位原文：第3段最后一句“These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet ”

解题思路：据大写字母former Soviet Union定位到原文第3段最后1句，原文的表述是前苏联率先应用plyometrics来训练运动员，结合第4段首句：plyometrics focuses on increasing power，因此答案为power。

Question 9

答案：injuries

关键词：inadequate diet

定位原文：第5段最后1句“Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to ”

解题思路：根据inadequate diet定位到原文第5段最后l句，该段主要讲营养方面对于运动员得到影响。最后一句明确指出， in trace mineral can lead to injuries，因此答案为injuries。

Question 10

答案：training

关键词：key, setting

定位原文：第6段第1句“Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be ”

解题思路：根据题目顺序在原文第6段中找到答案及第2句，即打破记录的关键因素为training。

Question 11

答案：A

关键词：Biomechanics films

定位原文：第7段第2句至第4句“A biomechanic films an athlete…high ”

解题思路：此题根据专有名词Biomechanics films定位到原文第7段，这一段倒数第2句说到Dapena用这些方法帮助跳髙运动员。故正确答案为A。

Question 12

答案：D

关键词：Biomechanics specialists/Fosbury flop

定位原文：第8段第2句至第4句“For example, during the 1968… own mathematical ”

解题思路：此题根据4个选项中共有的大写字母词汇Fosbury flop迅速定位到原文第8段第2句至第4句，原文的表述是：……生物力学专家后来对他的方法进行了分析，并理解了这一方法。答案为D。

Question 13

答案：B

关键词：John Raglin

定位原文：最后1段第2句及第3句“"Once you study athletics, … our understanding in many cases is ”

解题思路：原文的表述是：印第安纳大学的运动心理学家John Raglin说：“核心表现不是更高，更快，更强这一简单或者平凡的事。有很多的变数进人这一方程式，我们对很多案例的理解都是最基本(fundamental)的。我们还有很长的路要走。”因此答案为B。

Question 14

答案：YES

关键词：creativity, investigative work

定位原文：第1段第1句“Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative ”

解题思路：题目说考古学既包括创新也包括认真的分析调査工作。原文：考古学部分是对过去财富的发现，部分是科学分析的严谨工作，部分是创造性想像的练*，因此答案为TURE。

Question 15

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：ancient languages

定位原文：无

解题思路：题目说考古学家必须能够翻译古代语言文本。原文没有提及题目的内容，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。

Question 16

答案：NO

关键词：movies

定位原文：第2段最后一句“However far from reality such portrayals are, they capture the essential truth that archaeology is an exciting quest—the quest for knowledge about ourselves and our ”

解题思路：题目说电影为考古学家的工作提供了真实的画面。原文的表述是：相反，这些描述(指上句所说的电影)和现实差距甚远(far from reality such portrayals are)，因此很明显答案应为FALSE。

Question 17

答案：YES

关键词：anthropolo?gist

定位原文：第4段第1句至第3句“Anthropology, at its broadest, … from other ”

解题思路：题目说人类学家从不止一个角度来定义文化。而文中恰好从广义和狭义来定义文化，故正确答案为TRUE。

Question 18

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：anthropology

定位原文：无

解题思路：题目说考古学比人类学要求更加苛刻。原文当中没有提到题目中的内容，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。

Question 19

答案：NO

关键词：Europe, 3,000 BC

定位原文：第8段最后一句“Conventional historical sources begin only with the introduction of written records around 3,000 BC in western Asia, and much later in most other parts of the ”

解题思路：题目说的是欧洲的历史自公元前3000年就有记录了。原文中的表述是传统的历史始于公元前3000左右西亚的文字记载，而世界的其他大多数地区的历史要比这晚很多。因此答案为FALSE。

Question 20-21

答案：DE (IN EITHER ORDER)

关键词：anthropology

定位原文：第4段最后1句“Anthropology is thus a broad discipline so broad that it is generally broken down into three smaller disciplines: physical anthropology, cultural anthropology and ”

第5段首句“Physical anthropology, or biological anthropology as it is also called, concerns the study of human biological or physical characteristics and how they ”

解题思路：该题的要求是从A—E五个选项中选出文中提到的两个关于人类学的陈述。根据文章结构分別在第4段最后1句及第5段首句找到答案即选项D和E。

Question 22-23

答案：CD (IN EITHER ORDER)

关键词：tasks/archaeologist

定位原文：第7段

解题思路：该题的要求是从A-E五个选项中选出文中提到的两个考古学家的任务。根据文章结构可以在原文第7段当中找到答案，分别为选项C及选项D。

Question 24

答案：oral histories

关键词：written records/equally valuable

定位原文：原文倒数第2段最后1句“… but in no way lessens the importance of the useful information contained in oral ”

解题思路：这句话中和written records形成对应的只有原文倒数第2段最后一句中的oral histories词组。

Question 25-26

答案：humanistic study/historical discipline

关键词：archaeology

定位原文：最后1段第1句“Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study, and since it deals with the human past, it is a historical ”

解题思路：根据定位信息可知，答案为humanistic study或historical discipline。

Question 27

答案：scientist

关键词：compare/style

定位原文：最后1段倒数第2句“In this respect, the practice of the archaeologist is rather like that of the scientist, who collects data, conducts experiments, formulates a hypothesis, tests the hypothesis against more data, and then, in conclusion, devises a model that seems best to summarise the pattern observed in the ”

解题思路：原文最后1段倒数第2句很明显的告诉我们，被作者用来和考古学家进行比较的只有一种人即科学家。因此答案为scientist。

Question 28

答案：iv

关键词：无

定位原文：section A

解题思路：文中说到在经济发达的社会，每一个卫生系统都需要做出决定：在卫生保健方面投入资源应占社会全部资源的多大比例……什么形式的治疗是最节省成本的?由此可见原文首段均在围绕发达国家共同面对的问题进行阐述，所以答案为选项iv。

Question 29

答案：i

关键词：无

定位原文：Section C 第1句“However, at exactly the same time as this new realisation of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human ”

解题思路：首句的主要意思是：然而，就在这种认为卫生资源是有限的新思想销声匿迹的同时，一种相反的思想在西方社会发展起来了。这种思想认为享受卫生保健是人们的一项基本权利(basic right)，而这种权利是人们正常生活的必要条件。直到该段末句，都在阐述医疗和人权的关系问题，因此答案为选项i。

Question 30

答案：iii

关键词：无

定位原文：Section D 第2句“It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate heath-care resources are provided out of the public ”

解题思路：该段第2句的表述是：还有一个观点也是被普遍接受的：这种权利使得国家有义务有责任确保从公共预算中划拨足够的资金提供卫生服务。该段由此直到末句都在阐述国家在保障医疗服务中的应承担的义务及扮演的角色，因此答案为选项iii。

Question 31

答案：v

关键词：无

定位原文：Section E 第2句“The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of heath-care resources stem from the dramatic rise in heath costs in most OECD countries…”

解题思路：该段第2句的表述为：大多数经合发展组织的国家的卫生费用急剧增加，这再一次引发了一系列改变，使人们开始关注医疗卫生资源的分配问题。下面内容均是针对该句所举的具体例子及这一系列改变带来的结果或影响，因此答案为选项v。

Question 32

答案：B

关键词：resources/limited

定位原文：Section B第2句至第4句“Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s,… "limits to growth"”

解题思路：题目说人们意识到医疗资源是有限的。原文中“在20世纪50年代和60年代，西方社会出现了一种意识：化石燃料能源的供应资源是有限的，……换句话说，我们开始意识到一个显而易见的事实，就是增长是有限制的。”因此答案为B。

Question 33

答案：B

关键词：rise/cost

定位原文：Section E 第2句“The second set of more specific changes…consumers of health-care ”

解题思路：题目说医疗保健费用的急剧上涨。原文“大规模的人口数量及社会的变化导致大多数经济合作发展组织的国家的卫生费用急剧增加，这再一次引发了一系列改变，使人们开始关注医疗卫生资源的分配问题。”结合例子当中的时间，得出答案即选项B。

Question 34

答案：A

关键词：belief/economic growth

定位原文：Section B最后一句“Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, ”

解题思路：题目中说到一种观点：经济的增长能够产生所有人们所需的医疗资源。原文“回溯起来，有一个观点现在看来不可思议：在1939年到1945年的世界大战结束后的几年内，很多国家建立了国民卫生体系，人们认为这样的国民卫生体系至少在理论上能够满足任何人群的所有基础卫生需求，经济增长中‘看不见的手’将提供一切所需”因此答案为A。

Question 35

答案：B

关键词：guaranteeing/provision

定位原文：Section D第2句及第3句“It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is ”

解题思路：题目的意思是接受国家在提供医疗保障中的角色。原文“还有一个观点也是被普遍接受的：这种权利使得国家有义务有责任确保从公共预算中划拨足够的资金提供卫生服务。国家本身没有义务去建立卫生健康体系，但是有义务去保证这样一个体系的存在。”结合该段首句中的时间1970s，答案为选项B。

Question 36

答案：NO

关键词：Personal liberty

定位原文：Section C最后两句“People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and In the same way, basic health-care is a condition of the exercise of ”

解题思路：文中说到如果为贫穷而苦恼，或者被剥夺了基础教育，或者没有生活在法律法规的框架下，那么人们就不能拥有个人自由，自主行事。同样，基础卫生保健也是人实现自由的一个条件。很明显个人自由和医疗保健是密切相关的，因此答案为NO。

Question 37

答案：YES

关键词：right, limits

定位原文：Section C第1句“However, at exactly the same time as this new realisation of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human ”

解题思路：原文表达的意思是：就在人们开始了解到医疗资源是有限的同时，一种相反的思想在西方社会发展起来了。这种思想认为享受卫生保健是人们的一项基本权利，而种权利是人们正常生活的必要条件。原文和题目的表述一致，因此答案为YES。

Question 38

答案：YES

关键词：OECD countries

定位原文：Section E第2句“The second set of more specific changes…consumers of health-care ”

解题思路：文中说到大规模的人口数量及社会的变化导致大多数经济合作发展组织的国家的卫生费用急剧增加，这再一次引发了一系列改变，使人们开始关注医疗卫生资源的分配问题。与题干中说的“近年来，OECD国家人口数量的改变对医疗费用产生了影响”一致，故答案为YES。

Question 39

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：OECD government

定位原文：Section E

解题思路：题干中说OECD国家的政府一直低估了医疗供应的需求程度。根据大写字母词汇OECD定位到原文E段，该段没有提到题目中的内容，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。

Question 40

答案：GIVEN

关键词：Economically developed countries, elderly

定位原文：E段

解题思路：题干中说在大多数经济发达国家，老年人将不得不为他们的未来医疗做一些特殊的准备。原文中E段提到了elderly people，但是没有提到题目中的内容，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。

阅读答案原文及翻译 第14篇

It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the west-that enabled the southward But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final

Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of

The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea Fladmark"s hypothesis received additional support form from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the

More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years

The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support Fladmark and other believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between13,000 and 14,000 years

The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing, shellfish gathering, and the use of Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly

Paragraph 1: It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the west-that enabled the southward But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final

阅读答案原文及翻译 第15篇

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1

Lost for words

Many minority languages are on the danger list

In the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is Most of its speakers are middle-aged or Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’

Navajo is far from Half the world’s 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two generations — that’s one language lost every ten Never before has the planet’s linguistic diversity shrunk at such a ‘At the moment, we are heading for about three or four languages dominating the world,’ says Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the University of ‘It’s a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult to ’

Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000 have fewer than 2, It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they If it is spoken by children it is relatively The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly, according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alassk Native Language Center, in

Why do people reject the language of their parents? It begins with a crisis of confidence, when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler, of Britain’s Foundation for Endangered Languages, in ‘People lose faith in their culture,’ he ‘When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old ’

The change is not always Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national The former US policy of running Indian reservation schools in English, for example, effectively put languages such as Navajo on the danger But Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic ‘Native Americans have not lost pride in their language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures,’ he ‘They cannot refuse to speak English if most commercial activity is in ’ But are languages worth saving? At the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and When an unwritten and unrecorded language disappears, it is lost to

Language is also intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one without the ‘If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something,’ Mufwene ‘Moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world,’ says There is mounting evidence that learning a language produces physiological changes in the ‘Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, for instance,’ Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our ’

So despite linguists’ best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming ‘The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language,’ says Doug Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, ‘Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism,’ he In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori and rekindled interest in the A similar approach in Hawaii has produced about 8,000 new speakers of Polynesian languages in the past few In California, ‘apprentice’ programmes have provided life support to several indigenous Volunteer ‘apprentices’ pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered After about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the language to the next But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every ‘Preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in a jar,’ he

However, preservation can bring a language back from the There are examples of languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by later But a written form is essential for this, so the mere possibility of revival has led many speakers of endangered languages to develop systems of writing where none existed

Questions 1-4

Complete the summary

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer

There are currently approximately 6,800 languages in the This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical 1…… . But in today’s world, factors such as government initiatives and 2…… are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of One factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their 3…… . This has been encouraged through programmes of language classes for children and through ‘apprentice’ schemes, in which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a 4…… . Some speakers of endangered languages have even produced writing systems in order to help secure the survival of their mother ’

Questions 5-9

Look at the following statements (Questions 5-9) and the list of people in the box Match each statement with the correct person

Write the appropriate letter A-E in boxes 5-9 on your answer

NB You may use any letter more than

5 Endangered languages cannot be saved unless people learn to speak more than one

6 Saving languages from extinction is not in itself a satisfactory

7 The way we think may be determined by our

8 Young people often reject the established way of life in their

9 A change of language may mean a loss of traditional

A Michael Krauss

B Salikoko Mufwene

C Nicholas Ostler

D Mark Pagel

E Doug Whalen

Questions 10-13

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

10 The Navajo Language will die out because it currently has too few

11 A large number of native speakers fail to guarantee the survival of a

12 National governments could do more to protect endangered

13 The loss of linguistic diversity is

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN AUSTRALIA

The first students to study alternative medicine at university level in Australia began their four-year, full-time course at the University of Technology, Sydney, in early Their course covered, among other therapies, The theory they learnt is based on the traditional Chinese explanation of this ancient healing art: that it can regulate the flow of ‘Qi’ or energy through pathways in the This course reflects how far some alternative therapies have come in their struggle for acceptance by the medical

Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of ‘We’ve had a tradition of doctors being fairly powerful and I guess they are pretty loath to allow any pretenders to their position to come into ’ In many other industrialised countries, orthodox and alternative medicine have worked ‘hand in glove’ for In Europe, only orthodox doctors can prescribe herbal In Germany, plant remedies account for 10% of the national turnover of Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically

Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 In a 1983 national health survey, % of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the By 1990, this figure had risen to % of the The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered by the survey, according to Dr Laver and colleagues writing in the Australian Journal of Public Health in ‘A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general, and increasingly sceptical about science and empirically based knowledge,’ they ‘The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a ’

Rather than resisting or criticising this trend, increasing numbers of Australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative therapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and Part of the incentive was financial, Dr Laver ‘The bottom line is that most general practitioners are business If they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they might want to be able to offer a similar ’

In 1993, Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists’ practices in These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little They commented that they liked the holistic approach of their alternative therapists and the friendly, concerned and detailed attention they had The cold, impersonal manner of orthodox doctors featured in the An increasing exodus from their clinics, coupled with this and a number of other relevant surveys carried out in Australia, all pointing to orthodox doctors’ inadequacies, have led mainstream doctors themselves to begin to admit they could learn from the personal style of alternative Dr Patrick Store, President of the Royal College of General Practitioners, concurs that orthodox doctors could learn a lot about bedside manner and advising patients on preventative health from alternative

According to the Australian Journal of Public Health, 18% of patients visiting alternative therapists do so because they suffer from musculo-skeletal complaints; 12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1% more than those suffering from emotional Those suffering from respiratory complaints represent 7% of their patients, and candida sufferers represent an equal Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively, and a further 4% see therapists for general health

The survey suggested that complementary medicine is probably a better term than alternative Alternative medicine appears to be an adjunct, sought in times of disenchantment when conventional medicine seems not to offer the

Questions 14 and 15

Choose the correct letter, A, B C or

Write your answers in boxes 14 and 15 on your answer

14 Traditionally, how have Australian doctors differed from doctors in many Western countries?

A They have worked closely with pharmaceutical

B They have often worked alongside other

C They have been reluctant to accept alternative

D They have regularly prescribed alternative

15 In 1990, Americans

A were prescribed more herbal medicines than in previous

B consulted alternative therapists more often than

C spent more on natural therapies than orthodox

D made more complaints about doctors than in previous

Questions 16-23

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 16-23 on your answer sheet write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

16 Australians have been turning to alternative therapies in increasing numbers over the past 20

17 Between 1983 and 1990 the numbers of patients visiting alternative therapists rose to include a further 8% of the

18 The 1990 survey related to 550,000 consultations with alternative

19 In the past, Australians had a higher opinion of doctors than they do

20 Some Australian doctors are retraining in alternative

21 Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than

22 The 1993 Sydney survey involved 289 patients who visited alternative therapists for acupuncture

23 All the patients in the 1993 Sydney survey had long-term medical

Questions 24-26

Complete the vertical axis on the table

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 2 for

Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer

READING PASSAGE 3

You should ,spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below

PLAY IS A SERIOUS BUSINESS

Does play help develop bigger, better brains?

Bryant Furlow investigates

A Playing is a serious Children engrossed in a make-believe world, fox cubs play-fighting or kittens teasing a ball of string aren’t just having Play may look like a carefree and exuberant way to pass the time before the hard work of adulthood comes along, but there’s much more to it than For a start, play can even cost animals their Eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals occur because playing pups fail to spot predators It is also extremely expensive in terms of Playful young animals use around two or three per cent of their energy cavorting, and in children that figure can be closer to fifteen per ‘Even two or three per cent is huge,’ says John Byers of Idaho ‘You just don’t find animals wasting energy like that,’ he There must be a

B But if play is not simply a developmental hiccup, as biologists once thought, why did it evolve? The latest idea suggests that play has evolved to build big In other words, playing makes you Playfulness, it seems, is common only among mammals, although a few of the larger-brained birds also Animals at play often use unique signs — tail-wagging in dogs, for example — to indicate that activity superficially resembling adult behaviour is not really in A popular explanation of play has been that it helps juveniles develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialise as Another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult life by improving their respiratory Both these ideas have been questioned in recent

C Take the exercise If play evolved to build muscle or as a kind of endurance training, then you would expect to see permanent But Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so any improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by ‘If the function of play was to get into shape,’ says Byers, ‘the optimum time for playing would depend on when it was most advantageous for the young of a particular species to do But it doesn’t work like ’ Across species, play tends to peak about halfway through the suckling stage and then

D Then there’s the skills-training At first glance, playing animals do appear to be practising the complex manoeuvres they will need in But a closer inspection reveals this interpretation as too In one study, behavioural ecologist Tim Caro, from the University of California, looked at the predatory play of kittens and their predatory behaviour when they reached He found that the way the cats played had no significant effect on their hunting prowess in later

E Earlier this year, Sergio Pellis of Lethbridge University, Canada, reported that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in Comparing measurements for fifteen orders of mammal, he and his team found larger brains (for a given body size) are linked to greater The converse was also found to be Robert Barton of Durham University believes that, because large brains are more sensitive to developmental stimuli than smaller brains, they require more play to help mould them for ‘I concluded it’s to do with learning, and with the importance of environmental data to the brain during development,’ he

F According to Byers, the timing of the playful stage in young animals provides an important clue to what’s going If you plot the amount of time a juvenile devotes to play each day over the course of its development, you discover a pattern typically associated with a ‘sensitive period’ — a brief development window during which the brain can actually be modified in ways that are not possible earlier or later in Think of the relative ease with which young children — but not infants or adults — absorb Other researchers have found that play in cats, rats and mice is at its most intense just as this ‘window of opportunity’ reaches its

G ‘People have not paid enough attention to the amount of the brain activated by play,’ says Marc Bekoff from Colorado Bekoff studied coyote pups at play and found that the kind of behaviour involved was markedly more variable and unpredictable than that of Such behaviour activates many different parts of the brain, he Bekoff likens it to a behavioural kaleidoscope, with animals at play jumping rapidly between ‘They use behaviour from a lot of different contexts — predation, aggression, reproduction,’ he ‘Their developing brain is getting all sorts of ’

H Not only is more of the brain involved in play than was suspected, but it also seems to activate higher cognitive ‘There’s enormous cognitive involvement in play,’ says He points out that play often involves complex assessments of playmates, ideas of reciprocity and the use of specialised signals and He believes that play creates a brain that has greater behavioural flexibility and improved potential for learning later in The idea is backed up by the work of Stephen Siviy of Gettysburg Siviy studied how bouts of play affected the brain’s levels of a particular chemical associated with the stimulation and growth of nerve He was surprised by the extent of the ‘Play just lights everything up,’ he By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other, play may enhance

I What might further experimentation suggest about the way children are raised in many societies today? We already know that rat pups denied the chance to play grow smaller brain components and fail to develop the ability to apply social rules when they interact with their With schooling beginning earlier and becoming increasingly exam-orientated, play is likely to get even less of a Who knows what the result of that will be?

Questions 27-32

Reading Passage 3 had nine paragraphs labeled

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 27-32 on your answer

NB You may use any letter more than

27 the way play causes unusual connections in the brain which are beneficial

28 insights from recording how much time young animals spend playing

29 a description of the physical hazards that can accompany play

30 a description of the mental activities which are exercised and developed during play

31 the possible effects that a reduction in play opportunities will have on humans

32 the classes of animals for which play is important

Questions 33-35

Choose THREE letters

Write your answers in boxes 33-35 on your answer

The list below gives some ways of regarding

Which THREE ways are mentioned by the writer of the text?

A a rehearsal for later adult activities

B a method animals use to prove themselves to their peer group

C an activity intended to build up strength for adulthood

D a means of communicating feelings

E a defensive strategy

F an activity assisting organ growth

Questions 36-40

Look at the following researchers (Questions 36-40) and the list of findings

Match each researcher with the correct

Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 36-40 on your answer

36 Robert Barton

37 Marc Bekoff

38 John Byers

39 Sergio Pellis

40 Stephen Siviy

List of Findings

A There is a link between a specific substance in the brain and

B Play provides input concerning physical

C Varieties of play can be matched to different stages of evolutionary

D There is a tendency for mammals with smaller brains to play

E Play is not a form of fitness training for the

F Some species of larger-brained birds engage in

G A wide range of activities are combined during

H Play is a method of teaching survival

阅读答案原文及翻译 第16篇

PASSAGE 1 参考译文：

帮助新西兰听觉障碍儿童

A儿童的听觉障碍或其他听觉功能的缺陷会对他们的言语与交流能力的发展产生重大的影响，导致他们在学校的学*能力也受到不利影响。这对个人甚至全体人民来讲都很可能会产生重大后果。新西兰卫生部从一项进行了 20多年的研究中发现该国有6%到10%的孩子有听觉障碍。

B新西兰的一项初步研究显示，教室噪音是老师和学生关注的一大问题。现代教学实践活动、教室中课桌的布局、糟糕的音响效果以及空调通风口产生的噪音，都使许多孩子无法听清老师所讲的内容。教育研究者Nelson与Soli也表明，现代学*方式中多种思想与方法协作交互获取信息与个人获取信息同等重要。而这一切都意味着活动量与噪音级别的增加，这对患有听觉功能障碍的孩子产生的潜在影响尤为严重。教室噪音只会加重他们在与同学进行语言沟通时的误解,并且使他们无法很好地理解教师的指示。

C教室噪音使患有听觉缺陷的孩子在学*中不能发挥他们的最大潜能。在典型的课堂环境中，噪音对孩子们髙效学*能力的影响越来越受到人们的关注。在世界卫生组织的建议下，国际噪声控制工程学会 (I-INCE)成立了一个国际工作小组来评估学校教室噪音与回声控制，新西兰也是小组成员。

D虽然教室噪音不只会给残疾孩子带来不利影响，但是那些在语言沟通方面有障碍的孩子们显然是更大的受害者。所谓的听觉功能缺陷包括听觉障碍、自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)和注意力缺陷障碍(ADD/ ADHD，也称“注意力缺乏症”)。

E自闭症被认为是一种由神经系统与遗产基因紊乱引起的终生疾病，患者在处理信息时会产生偏差。这种疾病的特点是社会想象力、社会交往与社会互动之间出现了问题。根据Janzen的说法，这种疾病影响 了人们的多种能力：比如以正常方式理解并与他人相处的能力、了解事件及其周遭事物的能力，以及理解或回应感官刺激的能力。自闭症患者不能像正常发展的孩子那样学*或思考。自闭症谱系障碍往往使患者在理解口头信息与语言处理方面遇到极大的困难。患者也往往会觉得喧闹的噪音以及机器发出的声音让自己感到痛苦与压抑。这很难进行科学量化，因为这种额外的感官刺激因患者的不同而有很大的差异。但是当一个孩子觉得在教室里或学*的地方中的任何声音都让自己闹心的话，那么他处理信息的能力很可能也会受到不利影响。

F注意力缺乏症表现为神经与基因障碍。这种障碍的特点是患者很难持续关注某事、很难长时间努力与坚持、缺乏组织能力并且无法抑制解除。患有注意力缺乏症的孩子很难筛选出不重要的信息，他们会关注所处环境中所有的事物而非仅仅一个活动。教室里的背景噪音成为分散孩子们注意力的一个主要原因。

G面对较高级别的背景噪音，患有听觉功能障碍的孩子经常很难分辨与处理言语和交流。这些噪音有的是传入教室中的室外活动的声音，也有的是教学活动的声音以及教室内产生的其他噪音，而且教室中的反射使这些噪音增大。因此，需要采取措施来获得最佳的课堂建设，也许还需要改变课堂文化与教学方法，特别要彻底检查吵闹的课堂与活动给患有听觉功能障碍的孩子带来的影响。也许有很多未确诊的孩子带着“无形”的残疾接受教育，他们的需求不像已确诊的孩子的需求那样容易被人察觉。

H新西兰政府已经制定出一项“新西兰残疾人事业发展战略”，并开始进入广泛咨询意见的阶段。该战略认同残疾人在世俗观念、教育机会、就业机会以及所享服务方面，均很难享有高质量的生活。“新西兰残疾人事业发展战略”的第三个目标是通过改善教育，“为残疾人提供最好的教育”，这样所有的孩子、 青年学生以及成年学者将会在他们当地已有的学校里享有平等的学*与发展机会。对于成功的教育而言，学*环境是非常重要的。因此，任何改善学*环境的努力都会造福所有孩子，尤其是那些患有听觉功能障碍的孩子们。

I 一些国家已经开始制定自己的标准来控制与减少教室噪音，新西兰很可能会以此为例(来制定自己的标准)。迄今为止，文献中关于学校教室噪音的描述一般集中于噪音对学生、老师以及听觉缺陷者的影响上，而很少注意到噪音对患有其他疾病的学生的影响，包括对患有听觉功能障碍的学生的影响。今后在制定和颁布国际标准时，必须把这些孩子的需求考虑进去。

TEST 2 PASSAGE 2 参考译文：

金星凌日

20XX年6月金星再次越过太阳表面，构成了久违122年的天文奇观，也就是所谓的“凌日”现象。正如Heather Cooper和Nigel Henbest所解释的那样，金星凌日现象影响了我们对整个宇宙的认识。

A 20XX年6月8日，全世界一半以上的人都有幸见证了这起罕见的天文现象——经过六个多小时，金星缓缓滑过了太阳表面。这是自1882年12月6日以来的第一次金星凌日现象。彼时，美国天文学家Simon Newcomb教授带领着一队人去南非观测这一天文现象。他们的观测点设在一所女子学校里，据说这所学校里的三位女教师合力观测出的结果比这组专业人士的还要精确。

B数首年来，金星凌日现象引起了全球各地的探险家与天文学家的关注，而这一切都要归功于非凡的博学家Edmond Hailey。1677年11月，Hailey在位于南太平洋的荒无人烟的圣赫勒拿岛上，观测到了内行星水星的凌日现象。他发现，水星滑过太阳盘面的轨迹因观测纬度不同而有差异。通过计算行星在两个 相距甚远的地方之间的运行时间，天文学家小组可以计算出视差角度。视差角度是指天体的位置由于 观测者的位置不同而产生的明显差异。计算视差角度让天文学家得以实现当时的最终目标——算出地球与太阳之间的距离，这个距离就是所谓的“天文单位(AU)”。

C Hailey知道，天文单位是天文学中测量距离的基本单位之一。在17世纪早期，Johannes Kepler就认为行星与太阳之间的距离控制着行星的轨道速度，这个很容易就能测量到，但是还没有人能找到一种方法来计算行星与地球之间的精确距离。目标是先测量出天文单位，然后了解其他所有行星绕太阳运行的轨道速度，最后就能水到渠成，测出太阳系的规模。然而，Hailey意识到水星距离地球太远了以致很难确定其视差角度，而金星则距离地球较近，它的视差角度也较大。他发现如果利用金星来计算太阳的距离，其误差很可能只有五百分之一。但是有一个问题，与水星凌日不同，金星凌日现象很罕见，而且总是以两次为一组，每组中的两次大约间隔8年，而两组之间的间隔却有100多年。尽管如此，Hailey还是准确预测出金星会在1761年与1769年两次穿过太阳表面，只可惜他有生之年一次也没看到。

D在Hailey提出的测量太阳系方法的鼓舞下，英国和法国的天文学家组成小组，踏上去往各地的征途，这些地方甚至包括印度与西伯利亚。但是由于那时候英法两国在交战，所以这些观测并没有奏效。最值得同情的是法国天文学家Guillaume Le Gentil。英军包围了他在印度本地治里(Pondicherry)的观测台，这使他备受打击。在乘坐一艘法国军舰穿越印度洋逃亡的时候，他看到了一次凌日的壮观景象，但是船的颠簸摇晃使他完全没有机会进行精确观测。他并没有灰心，而是留在了南半球，先是忙于研究毛里求斯 岛和马达加斯加岛的情况，接着前往菲律宾准备观测下一次凌日现象。然而，具有讽刺意味的是，在跋涉了将近五万公里之后，他的视线居然被一片乌云给遮住了，真是一次令人沮丧的经历。

E虽然早期对凌日时间的观测就当时所用的器材而言已足够精确，但是其测量结果却受到“黑滴”效应 (“blackdrop” effect)的困扰。金星入凌时，看起来有点模糊而不完全是圆的，因此很难计算时间。这种现象是由光的衍射造成的。另一个问题是，金星出凌时，它的周围会产生晕环。虽然天文学家可以获知金星是被一层厚厚的、可折射阳光的气体所包围，但是黑滴效应和晕环效应都使得他们无法获得金星凌日的准确时间。

F但是天文学家依然努力分析这些观测结果，以便用来观测金星凌日现象。柏林天文台台长Johann Franz Encke根据所有这些视差测量最终确定了天文单位的值为153,340,000千米。这个数值在当时已经相当精确了，也与现在用雷达测到的149,597,870千米非常接近。当然，现在雷达因其精准度已经取代了凌日测量与其他方法。天文单位是一个宇宙测量杆，也是现在我们测量宇宙的基础。视差原理可以延伸应用到恒星之间距离的测量中。一月，当地球处于其轨道的某个点时，我们观测一颗恒星，那么六个月后这颗恒星的位置与当时观测的位置看起来是不同的。了解了地球轨道的宽度后，天文学家就可以利用视差移位计算出这个距离。

G 20XX年6月的金星凌日现象不只是一项重大的科学事件，更是一次天文奇观。而这种凌日现象为宇宙中 最重大的突破之一铺平了道路，即对围绕其他恒星运行的类地行星进行探测。

TEST 2 PASSAGE 3 参考译文：

神经科学家解密创新思考

在过去十年里，科学家对大脑的认识方式发生了一场变革。现在我们知道人们所做的决定源自大脑特定部分的神经元的放电模式。这些发现导致了神经经济学的出现，神经经济学研究的是经济环境下大脑成功的秘诀，而这就需要创新，需要不走竞争者走过的寻常路。能做到这些的人可以谓之传统叛逆者。简而言之，传统叛逆者做的是别人认为不可为而他却能有所作为的事情。

该定义说明传统叛逆者与众不同，更确切地说，是他们的大脑异于常人，表现在以下三个方面：认知力、恐惧反应力以及社交能力。这三个功能在大脑中各有一条不同的回路。反对者可能会认为大脑与此无关，他们觉得原创性及革命性的思维方式与其说是大脑的功能，还不如说是一种个性的体现。但是，神经经济学的诞生正是基于这样一个新的发现，那就是大脑的生理功能实际上会制约我们的判断力。通过理解这些制约条件，我们就会明白为什么有些人爱唱反调。

首先要明白的一点是，大脑受制于有限的资源。它有固定的能量预算值，相当于一个40瓦灯泡的能量，因此大脑就进化出了一种尽可能高效的工作方式，这也就是大多数人之所以不爱唱反调的原因。比如，面对眼前源源不断输入的信息时，大脑会尽可能以最便捷的方式解读这些信息。为此，大脑会借鉴过往经验以及其他任何信息来源，比如別人所说的话，来解读眼睛所看到的信息。这种过程无处不在。大脑如此善于走捷径以至于我们对此毫不知情。我们以为我们对世界的感知是真实的，但其实这种感知只不过是 身体和电流对我们撒的小谎。认知不只是我们的眼睛与耳朵传给大脑的信息。认知是大脑的产物，而不只是物理现实中光子或声波的产物。

认知是反传统论的核心。传统叛逆者与别人看问题的方法大相径庭，他们的大脑不像普通人的大脑那样容易掉进高效思维的陷阱。要么天生如此，要么后天*得，总之传统叛逆者总有方法绕过那些困扰大多数人的认知捷径。认知不是天生的。认知是个学*过程，是个既让人受尽折磨的毒咒，又让人洗心革面的良机。大脑面临着一个基本问题，那就是如何解读从感官传来的物理刺激。大脑所见、所闻、所感，皆可以有多重解读，而最终获选的解释只不过是大脑自认为的最佳理论。从技术层次而言，这些解读是有统计学依据的，因为统计学数据说明一种解释优于另一种解释，与此同时，这些解读又受过往经验以及他人观点的严重影响，最后这点对于潜在的传统叛逆者来讲尤为致命。

要想思维方式与众不同，最佳做法就是往大脑里塞其闻所未闻的东西。新鲜事物使认知过程摆脱了过往经历的束缚，同时强迫大脑作出新的判断。成功的传统叛逆者非常乐意接受新鲜事物。观察表明，传统叛逆者对新鲜事物持欣然接受的态度，而大多数普通人则唯恐避之不及。

然而，新鲜事物的缺点是它会触发大脑的恐惧系统。恐惧是阻止人们像传统叛逆者那样思考的主要障碍，它使普通人在创新思考的道路上踌躇不前。恐惧有很多种，但是有两种恐惧阻止了创新思维，而且让大多数人颇感棘手，那就是对不确定性的恐惧以及对沦为笑柄的担忧。这两种恐惧看似都无关紧要，但是，对公开演讲的恐惧则折磨着超过三分之一的人。因为人时不时就要讲一讲，所以这种恐惧太常见了，很难被视为一种精神疾病。这往往被看做一种精神障碍。它只不过是人性反复无常的一种体现而已，传统 叛逆者们带着这种恐惧也会在众人面前发表观点。

最后一点，想要成功变成传统叛逆者，必须把自己的想法推销给别人，这就该社交能力登场了。社交能力是在商业环境中了解与管理人的能力。在过去的十年里，人们对社会型大脑的认知突飞猛进，对这种 大脑在团队协作共同决策时所起的作用也了如指掌。神经科学已经揭示出是哪些大脑回路在帮我们洞悉他人想法、与他人产生共鸣、做到公平公正以及辨别社会身份。在说服别人采纳己见方面，这些大脑回路可谓功不可没。感知在社会认知中也举足轻重。对一个人的热情或名誉的认知是生意成功与否的关键。若能了解认知与社会决策千丝万缕的联系，便能明白为何成功的传统叛逆者稀世难求。

传统叛逆者纵横艺术舞台、技术尖端及商业高峰，在每个领域都创造崭新机会，他们贡献出的创造力和革命力，一队人也望尘莫及。他们视规则如草芥。虽然时常被人疏远并且遭遇失败，可他们仍然是团队顶梁柱。无论在任何领域，若想成功，必先了解传统叛逆者大脑工作的奥秘。

剑桥雅思阅读9原文参考译文(test2)

PASSAGE 1 参考译文：

帮助新西兰听觉障碍儿童

A儿童的听觉障碍或其他听觉功能的缺陷会对他们的言语与交流能力的发展产生重大的影响，导致他们在学校的学*能力也受到不利影响。这对个人甚至全体人民来讲都很可能会产生重大后果。新西兰卫生部从一项进行了 20多年的研究中发现该国有6%到10%的孩子有听觉障碍。

B新西兰的一项初步研究显示，教室噪音是老师和学生关注的一大问题。现代教学实践活动、教室中课桌的布局、糟糕的音响效果以及空调通风口产生的噪音，都使许多孩子无法听清老师所讲的内容。教育研究者Nelson与Soli也表明，现代学*方式中多种思想与方法协作交互获取信息与个人获取信息同等重要。而这一切都意味着活动量与噪音级别的增加，这对患有听觉功能障碍的孩子产生的潜在影响尤为严重。教室噪音只会加重他们在与同学进行语言沟通时的误解,并且使他们无法很好地理解教师的指示。

C教室噪音使患有听觉缺陷的孩子在学*中不能发挥他们的最大潜能。在典型的课堂环境中，噪音对孩子们髙效学*能力的影响越来越受到人们的关注。在世界卫生组织的建议下，国际噪声控制工程学会 (I-INCE)成立了一个国际工作小组来评估学校教室噪音与回声控制，新西兰也是小组成员。

D虽然教室噪音不只会给残疾孩子带来不利影响，但是那些在语言沟通方面有障碍的孩子们显然是更大的受害者。所谓的听觉功能缺陷包括听觉障碍、自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)和注意力缺陷障碍(ADD/ ADHD，也称“注意力缺乏症”)。

E自闭症被认为是一种由神经系统与遗产基因紊乱引起的终生疾病，患者在处理信息时会产生偏差。这种疾病的特点是社会想象力、社会交往与社会互动之间出现了问题。根据Janzen的说法，这种疾病影响 了人们的多种能力：比如以正常方式理解并与他人相处的能力、了解事件及其周遭事物的能力，以及理解或回应感官刺激的能力。自闭症患者不能像正常发展的孩子那样学*或思考。自闭症谱系障碍往往使患者在理解口头信息与语言处理方面遇到极大的困难。患者也往往会觉得喧闹的噪音以及机器发出的声音让自己感到痛苦与压抑。这很难进行科学量化，因为这种额外的感官刺激因患者的不同而有很大的差异。但是当一个孩子觉得在教室里或学*的地方中的任何声音都让自己闹心的话，那么他处理信息的能力很可能也会受到不利影响。

F注意力缺乏症表现为神经与基因障碍。这种障碍的特点是患者很难持续关注某事、很难长时间努力与坚持、缺乏组织能力并且无法抑制解除。患有注意力缺乏症的孩子很难筛选出不重要的信息，他们会关注所处环境中所有的事物而非仅仅一个活动。教室里的背景噪音成为分散孩子们注意力的一个主要原因。

G面对较高级别的背景噪音，患有听觉功能障碍的孩子经常很难分辨与处理言语和交流。这些噪音有的是传入教室中的室外活动的声音，也有的是教学活动的声音以及教室内产生的其他噪音，而且教室中的反射使这些噪音增大。因此，需要采取措施来获得最佳的课堂建设，也许还需要改变课堂文化与教学方法，特别要彻底检查吵闹的课堂与活动给患有听觉功能障碍的孩子带来的影响。也许有很多未确诊的孩子带着“无形”的残疾接受教育，他们的需求不像已确诊的孩子的需求那样容易被人察觉。

H新西兰政府已经制定出一项“新西兰残疾人事业发展战略”，并开始进入广泛咨询意见的阶段。该战略认同残疾人在世俗观念、教育机会、就业机会以及所享服务方面，均很难享有高质量的生活。“新西兰残疾人事业发展战略”的第三个目标是通过改善教育，“为残疾人提供最好的教育”，这样所有的孩子、 青年学生以及成年学者将会在他们当地已有的学校里享有平等的学*与发展机会。对于成功的教育而言，学*环境是非常重要的。因此，任何改善学*环境的努力都会造福所有孩子，尤其是那些患有听觉功能障碍的孩子们。

I 一些国家已经开始制定自己的标准来控制与减少教室噪音，新西兰很可能会以此为例(来制定自己的标准)。迄今为止，文献中关于学校教室噪音的描述一般集中于噪音对学生、老师以及听觉缺陷者的影响上，而很少注意到噪音对患有其他疾病的学生的影响，包括对患有听觉功能障碍的学生的影响。今后在制定和颁布国际标准时，必须把这些孩子的需求考虑进去。

TEST 2 PASSAGE 2 参考译文：

金星凌日

20XX年6月金星再次越过太阳表面，构成了久违122年的天文奇观，也就是所谓的“凌日”现象。正如Heather Cooper和Nigel Henbest所解释的那样，金星凌日现象影响了我们对整个宇宙的认识。

A 20XX年6月8日，全世界一半以上的人都有幸见证了这起罕见的天文现象——经过六个多小时，金星缓缓滑过了太阳表面。这是自1882年12月6日以来的第一次金星凌日现象。彼时，美国天文学家Simon Newcomb教授带领着一队人去南非观测这一天文现象。他们的观测点设在一所女子学校里，据说这所学校里的三位女教师合力观测出的结果比这组专业人士的还要精确。

B数首年来，金星凌日现象引起了全球各地的探险家与天文学家的关注，而这一切都要归功于非凡的博学家Edmond Hailey。1677年11月，Hailey在位于南太平洋的荒无人烟的圣赫勒拿岛上，观测到了内行星水星的凌日现象。他发现，水星滑过太阳盘面的轨迹因观测纬度不同而有差异。通过计算行星在两个 相距甚远的地方之间的运行时间，天文学家小组可以计算出视差角度。视差角度是指天体的位置由于 观测者的位置不同而产生的明显差异。计算视差角度让天文学家得以实现当时的最终目标——算出地球与太阳之间的距离，这个距离就是所谓的“天文单位(AU)”。

C Hailey知道，天文单位是天文学中测量距离的基本单位之一。在17世纪早期，Johannes Kepler就认为行星与太阳之间的距离控制着行星的轨道速度，这个很容易就能测量到，但是还没有人能找到一种方法来计算行星与地球之间的精确距离。目标是先测量出天文单位，然后了解其他所有行星绕太阳运行的轨道速度，最后就能水到渠成，测出太阳系的规模。然而，Hailey意识到水星距离地球太远了以致很难确定其视差角度，而金星则距离地球较近，它的视差角度也较大。他发现如果利用金星来计算太阳的距离，其误差很可能只有五百分之一。但是有一个问题，与水星凌日不同，金星凌日现象很罕见，而且总是以两次为一组，每组中的两次大约间隔8年，而两组之间的间隔却有100多年。尽管如此，Hailey还是准确预测出金星会在1761年与1769年两次穿过太阳表面，只可惜他有生之年一次也没看到。

D在Hailey提出的测量太阳系方法的鼓舞下，英国和法国的天文学家组成小组，踏上去往各地的征途，这些地方甚至包括印度与西伯利亚。但是由于那时候英法两国在交战，所以这些观测并没有奏效。最值得同情的是法国天文学家Guillaume Le Gentil。英军包围了他在印度本地治里(Pondicherry)的观测台，这使他备受打击。在乘坐一艘法国军舰穿越印度洋逃亡的时候，他看到了一次凌日的壮观景象，但是船的颠簸摇晃使他完全没有机会进行精确观测。他并没有灰心，而是留在了南半球，先是忙于研究毛里求斯 岛和马达加斯加岛的情况，接着前往菲律宾准备观测下一次凌日现象。然而，具有讽刺意味的是，在跋涉了将近五万公里之后，他的视线居然被一片乌云给遮住了，真是一次令人沮丧的经历。

E虽然早期对凌日时间的观测就当时所用的器材而言已足够精确，但是其测量结果却受到“黑滴”效应 (“blackdrop” effect)的困扰。金星入凌时，看起来有点模糊而不完全是圆的，因此很难计算时间。这种现象是由光的衍射造成的。另一个问题是，金星出凌时，它的周围会产生晕环。虽然天文学家可以获知金星是被一层厚厚的、可折射阳光的气体所包围，但是黑滴效应和晕环效应都使得他们无法获得金星凌日的准确时间。

F但是天文学家依然努力分析这些观测结果，以便用来观测金星凌日现象。柏林天文台台长Johann Franz Encke根据所有这些视差测量最终确定了天文单位的值为153,340,000千米。这个数值在当时已经相当精确了，也与现在用雷达测到的149,597,870千米非常接近。当然，现在雷达因其精准度已经取代了凌日测量与其他方法。天文单位是一个宇宙测量杆，也是现在我们测量宇宙的基础。视差原理可以延伸应用到恒星之间距离的测量中。一月，当地球处于其轨道的某个点时，我们观测一颗恒星，那么六个月后这颗恒星的位置与当时观测的位置看起来是不同的。了解了地球轨道的宽度后，天文学家就可以利用视差移位计算出这个距离。

G 20XX年6月的金星凌日现象不只是一项重大的科学事件，更是一次天文奇观。而这种凌日现象为宇宙中 最重大的突破之一铺平了道路，即对围绕其他恒星运行的类地行星进行探测。

TEST 2 PASSAGE 3 参考译文：

神经科学家解密创新思考

在过去十年里，科学家对大脑的认识方式发生了一场变革。现在我们知道人们所做的决定源自大脑特定部分的神经元的放电模式。这些发现导致了神经经济学的出现，神经经济学研究的是经济环境下大脑成功的秘诀，而这就需要创新，需要不走竞争者走过的寻常路。能做到这些的人可以谓之传统叛逆者。简而言之，传统叛逆者做的是别人认为不可为而他却能有所作为的事情。

该定义说明传统叛逆者与众不同，更确切地说，是他们的大脑异于常人，表现在以下三个方面：认知力、恐惧反应力以及社交能力。这三个功能在大脑中各有一条不同的回路。反对者可能会认为大脑与此无关，他们觉得原创性及革命性的思维方式与其说是大脑的功能，还不如说是一种个性的体现。但是，神经经济学的诞生正是基于这样一个新的发现，那就是大脑的生理功能实际上会制约我们的判断力。通过理解这些制约条件，我们就会明白为什么有些人爱唱反调。

首先要明白的一点是，大脑受制于有限的资源。它有固定的能量预算值，相当于一个40瓦灯泡的能量，因此大脑就进化出了一种尽可能高效的工作方式，这也就是大多数人之所以不爱唱反调的原因。比如，面对眼前源源不断输入的信息时，大脑会尽可能以最便捷的方式解读这些信息。为此，大脑会借鉴过往经验以及其他任何信息来源，比如別人所说的话，来解读眼睛所看到的信息。这种过程无处不在。大脑如此善于走捷径以至于我们对此毫不知情。我们以为我们对世界的感知是真实的，但其实这种感知只不过是 身体和电流对我们撒的小谎。认知不只是我们的眼睛与耳朵传给大脑的信息。认知是大脑的产物，而不只是物理现实中光子或声波的产物。

认知是反传统论的核心。传统叛逆者与别人看问题的方法大相径庭，他们的大脑不像普通人的大脑那样容易掉进高效思维的陷阱。要么天生如此，要么后天*得，总之传统叛逆者总有方法绕过那些困扰大多数人的认知捷径。认知不是天生的。认知是个学*过程，是个既让人受尽折磨的毒咒，又让人洗心革面的良机。大脑面临着一个基本问题，那就是如何解读从感官传来的物理刺激。大脑所见、所闻、所感，皆可以有多重解读，而最终获选的解释只不过是大脑自认为的最佳理论。从技术层次而言，这些解读是有统计学依据的，因为统计学数据说明一种解释优于另一种解释，与此同时，这些解读又受过往经验以及他人观点的严重影响，最后这点对于潜在的传统叛逆者来讲尤为致命。

要想思维方式与众不同，最佳做法就是往大脑里塞其闻所未闻的东西。新鲜事物使认知过程摆脱了过往经历的束缚，同时强迫大脑作出新的判断。成功的传统叛逆者非常乐意接受新鲜事物。观察表明，传统叛逆者对新鲜事物持欣然接受的态度，而大多数普通人则唯恐避之不及。

然而，新鲜事物的缺点是它会触发大脑的恐惧系统。恐惧是阻止人们像传统叛逆者那样思考的主要障碍，它使普通人在创新思考的道路上踌躇不前。恐惧有很多种，但是有两种恐惧阻止了创新思维，而且让大多数人颇感棘手，那就是对不确定性的恐惧以及对沦为笑柄的担忧。这两种恐惧看似都无关紧要，但是，对公开演讲的恐惧则折磨着超过三分之一的人。因为人时不时就要讲一讲，所以这种恐惧太常见了，很难被视为一种精神疾病。这往往被看做一种精神障碍。它只不过是人性反复无常的一种体现而已，传统 叛逆者们带着这种恐惧也会在众人面前发表观点。

最后一点，想要成功变成传统叛逆者，必须把自己的想法推销给别人，这就该社交能力登场了。社交能力是在商业环境中了解与管理人的能力。在过去的十年里，人们对社会型大脑的认知突飞猛进，对这种 大脑在团队协作共同决策时所起的作用也了如指掌。神经科学已经揭示出是哪些大脑回路在帮我们洞悉他人想法、与他人产生共鸣、做到公平公正以及辨别社会身份。在说服别人采纳己见方面，这些大脑回路可谓功不可没。感知在社会认知中也举足轻重。对一个人的热情或名誉的认知是生意成功与否的关键。若能了解认知与社会决策千丝万缕的联系，便能明白为何成功的传统叛逆者稀世难求。

传统叛逆者纵横艺术舞台、技术尖端及商业高峰，在每个领域都创造崭新机会，他们贡献出的创造力和革命力，一队人也望尘莫及。他们视规则如草芥。虽然时常被人疏远并且遭遇失败，可他们仍然是团队顶梁柱。无论在任何领域，若想成功，必先了解传统叛逆者大脑工作的奥秘。

阅读答案原文及翻译 第17篇

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1

Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth

‘I am from a large, poor family and for many years we have done without Ever since I joined the Street Kids International program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for I have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and ’

Doreen Soko

‘We’ve had business Now I’m confident to expand what we’ve been I’ve learnt cash management, and the way of keeping money so we save for Now business is a part of our As well, we didn’t know each other before — now we’ve made new ’

Fan Kaoma

Participants in the Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative Program, Zambia

Introduction

Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult

Over the past nine years, Street Kids International () has been working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons and our partners have

Background

Typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and

Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and other illegal At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic

Street Business Partnerships

has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn

? The Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their A similar program was taken up in Bangalore,

? Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the in the Dominican In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine They were also given a safe place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings

? The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to

Lessons learned

The following lessons have emerged from the programs that and partner organisations have

? Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisation’s programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship-building will have already been

? The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce

? It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life

? There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individual’s

? Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assets such as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan The loan amounts in programs have generally ranged from US$30-$

? All programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates).

Conclusion

There is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfil economic The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive

Questions 1-4

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or

Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer

1 The quotations in the box at the beginning of the article

A exemplify the effects of

B explain why was set

C outline the problems of street

D highlight the benefits to society of

2 The main purpose of is to

A draw the attention of governments to the problem of street

B provide school and social support for street

C encourage the public to give money to street

D give business training and loans to street

3 Which of the following is mentioned by the writer as a reason why children end up living on the streets?

A unemployment

B war

C poverty

D crime

4 In order to become more independent, street children may

A reject paid

B leave their

C set up their own

D employ other

Questions 5-8

Complete the table

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each

Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer

Country Organisations Involved Type of Project Support Provided

5………………

and………………

? courier service ? provision of 6………………………

Dominican Republic ?

? 7………………… ? loans

? storage facilities

? savings plans

Zambia ?

? The Red Cross

? setting up small businesses ? business training

? 8…………training

? access to credit

Questions 9-12

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the wirter

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

9 Any street child can set up their own small business if given enough

10 In some cases, the families of street children may need financial support from

11 Only one fixed loan should be given to each

12 The children have to pay back slightly more money than they

Question 13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or

Write your answer in box 13 on your answer

The writers conclude that money should only be lent to street children

A as part of a wider program of

B for programs that are not too

C when programs are supported by local

D if the projects planned are realistic and

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following

Questions 14-27

Reading Passage 2 has four sections

Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings

Write the correct number i-vi in boxes 14-17 on your answer

List of Headings

I Causes of volcanic eruption

Ii Efforts to predict volcanic eruption

Iii Volcanoes and the features of our planet

Iv Different types of volcanic eruption

V International relief efforts

Vi The unpredictability of volcanic eruptions

14 Section A

15 Section B

16 Section C

17 Section D

Volcanoes-earth-shattering news

When Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on 9 June 1991, the power of volcanoes past and present again hit the headlines

A Volcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent

But the classic eruption — cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava — is only a tiny part of a global Vulcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the The entire ocean floor has a basement of volcanic

Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they are also thought to have made the world’s first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and There are now about 600 active Every year they add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smoking away for the last 3,500 million That is enough rock to explain the continental

What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth: enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the world’s We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we

B Geologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack — like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much

Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly ‘flow’ like thick The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents, is powerful enough to fracture the ‘eggshell’ of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes And, very often,

C These zones are lines of weakness, or hot Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350℃, will start to expand and As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more

Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma — molten rock from the mantle — inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian’s Wall in northern England). Sometimes — as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa — the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping

Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly It does not have time to cool as it surges The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens on some of the moons of Jupiter and By studying the evidence, vulcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the Is the pumice light and full of holes? The explosion was Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes, like the Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland? It was a slow, gentle

The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates — the plates which make up the earth’s crust and The most dramatic of these is the Pacific ‘ring of fire’ where there have been the most violent explosions — Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helen’s in the Rockies and El Chichón in Mexico about a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in

D But volcanoes are not very That is because geological time is not like human During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600

Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, the mountain blows its It did this at Mont Pelée in Martinique at on 8 May, Of a town of 28,000, only two people In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top 1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened the skies, cancelling the following summer in Europe and North Thousands starved as the harvests failed, after snow in June and frosts in Volcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet

Questions 18-21

Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 18-21 on your answer

18 What are the sections of the earth’s crust, often associated with volcanic activity, called?

19 What is the name given to molten rock from the mantle?

20 What is the earthquake zone on the Pacific Ocean called?

21 For how many years did Mount Pinatubo remain inactive?

Questions 22-26

Complete the summary

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer

Volcanic eruptions have shaped the earth’s land They may also have produced the world’s atmosphere and 22…… . Eruptions occur when molten rocks from the earth’s mantle rise and When they become liquid, they move quickly through cracks in the There are different types of Sometimes the 23……. moves slowly and forms outcrops of granite on the earth’s When it moves more quickly it may flow out in thick horizontal Examples of this type of eruption can be found in Northern Ireland, Wales, South Africa and 24…… . A third type of eruption occurs when the lava emerges very quickly and 25…… This happens because the magma moves so suddenly that 26…… are

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below

Obtaining Linguistic Data

A Many procedures are available for obtaining data about a They range from a carefully planned, intensive field investigation in a foreign country to a casual introspection about one’s mother tongue carried out in an armchair at

B In all cases, someone has to act as a source of language data — an Informants are (ideally) native speakers of a language, who provide utterances for analysis and other kinds of information about the language ( translations, comments about correctness, or judgements on usage). Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their own informants, judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own The convenience of this approach makes it widely used, and it is considered the norm in the generative approach to But a linguist’s personal judgements are often uncertain, or disagree with the judgements of other linguists, at which point recourse is needed to more objective methods of enquiry, using non-linguists as The latter procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child

C Many factors must be considered when selecting informants — whether one is working with single speakers (a common situation when languages have not been described before), two people interacting, small groups or large-scale Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting ( the level of formality) are also highly relevant, as are the personal qualities of the informants ( their fluency and consistency). For larger studies, scrupulous attention has been paid to the sampling theory employed, and in all cases, decisions have to be made about the best investigative techniques to

D Today, researchers often tape-record This enables the linguist’s claims about the language to be checked, and provides a way of making those claims more accurate (‘difficult’ pieces of speech can be listened to repeatedly). But obtaining naturalistic, good-quality data is never People talk abnormally when they know they are being recorded, and sound quality can be A variety of tape-recording procedures have thus been devised to minimise the ‘observer’s paradox’ (how to observe the way people behave when they are not being observed). Some recordings are made without the speakers being aware of the fact — a procedure that obtains very natural data, though ethical objections must be Alternatively, attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the tape recorder out of sight, or using radio A useful technique is to introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker, and stimulates a natural language style ( asking older informants about how times have changed in their locality).

E An audio tape recording does not solve all the linguist’s problems, Speech is often unclear and Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer’s written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants, and about the context in A facial expression, for example, can dramatically alter the meaning of what is Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations (the camera cannot be everywhere), and transcriptions always benefit from any additional commentary provided by an

F Linguists also make great use of structured sessions, in which they systematically ask their informants for utterances that describe certain actions, objects or With a bilingual informant, or through use of an interpreter, it is possible to use translation techniques (‘How do you say table in your language?’). A large number of points can be covered in a short time, using interview worksheets and Often, the researcher wishes to obtain information about just a single variable, in which case a restricted set of questions may be used: a particular feature of pronunciation, for example, can be elicited by asking the informant to say a restricted set of There are also several direct methods of elicitation, such as asking informants to fill in the blanks in a substitution frame ( I___ see a car), or feeding them the wrong stimulus for correction (‘Is it possible to say I no can see?’).

G A representative sample of language, compiled for the purpose of linguistic analysis, is known as a A corpus enables the linguist to make unbiased statements about frequency of usage, and it provides accessible data for the use of different Its range and size are Some corpora attempt to cover the language as a whole, taking extracts from many kinds of text; others are extremely selective, providing a collection of material that deals only with a particular linguistic The size of the corpus depends on practical factors, such as the time available to collect, process and store the data: it can take up to several hours to provide an accurate transcription of a few minutes of Sometimes a small sample of data will be enough to decide a linguistic hypothesis; by contrast, corpora in major research projects can total millions of An important principle is that all corpora, whatever their size, are inevitably limited in their coverage, and always need to be supplemented by data derived from the intuitions of native speakers of the language, through either introspection or

Questions 27-31

Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs labeled

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 27-31 on your answer

NB You may use any letter more than

27 the effect of recording on the way people talk

28 the importance of taking notes on body language

29 the fact that language is influenced by social situation

30 how informants can be helped to be less self-conscious

31 various methods that can be used to generate specific data

Questions 32-36

Complete the table

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 32-36 on your answer

METHODS OF OBTAINING LINGUISTIC DATA ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

32……as informant convenient method of enquiry not objective enough

Non-linguist as informant necessary with 33…… and child speech the number of factors to be considered

Recording an informant allows linguists’ claims to be checked 34……of sound

Videoing an informant allows speakers’ 35…… to be observed 36……might miss certain things

Questions 37-40

Complete the summary of paragraph G

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer

A linguist can use a corpus to comment objectively on 37…… . Some corpora include a wide range of language while others are used to focus on a 38…… . The length of time the process takes will affect the 39…… of the No corpus can ever cover the whole language and so linguists often find themselves relying on the additional information that can be gained from the 40…… of those who speak the language

阅读答案原文及翻译 第18篇

TEST 3 PASSAGE 1 参考译文：

用激光回击闪电

很少有比雷暴天气更令人感到恐怖的天气了。仅在美国，猛烈的雷暴电流每年都会造成大约500人死亡或重伤。云层翻滚而来的时候，在户外打一场轻松的高尔夫成了一件异常可怕的事情，无异于是在拿自己的性命开玩笑——孤身一人在户外的高尔夫球手可能是闪电最喜欢攻击的目标。此外，闪电也会带来财产损失。每年闪电会对美国电力公司造成超过一亿美元的损失。

不过，美国和日本的研究人员正在策划回击闪电的方案。他们已开始通过实验测试中和雷暴电荷的各种方法。今年冬天，他们将直面雷暴：使用配备的激光器射向空中的雨云，使其在闪电出现之前放电。

迫使雨云根据指令释放闪电并非一个新想法。早在20世纪60年代早期，研究者们就尝试过把带着拖曳线的火箭射入雨云，以期为这些云层发出的庞大的电荷群搭建起便捷的放电路径。由于受到建在加利福尼亚的电力研究所(EPRI)的支持，这一技术在佛罗里达的州立大学试验基地幸存到了今天。EPRI由电力公司资助，现正致力于研究保护美国输电网不受闪电袭击的方法。“我们可以通过火箭让闪电击向我们想让它去的地方，”EPRI的闪电项目经理Ralph Bernstein如此说道。该火箭基地现在能对闪电电压进行精确测量，并可以让工程师们检测电气设备的负载。

不良行为

虽然火箭在研究中功不可没，但它们无法提供闪电来袭时所有人都希求的保护。每支火箭造价大约 1,200美元，发射频率有限，而失败率却高达40%。即使它们确实能够引发闪电，事情也无法总是按计划顺利进行。“闪电可不那么听话”，Bernstein说，“它们偶尔会走岔路，射到它们本不该去的地方。”

但不管怎样，有谁会想在人口密集的地区发射成群的火箭呢? “射上去的肯定会掉下来，”新墨西哥大学的Jean-Claude Diels指出。Diels现在正在负责一个项目，该项目由ERPI所支持，试图通过发射激光使闪电安全放电——安全是一项基本要求，因为没人愿意把他们自己的性命或他们的昂贵设备置于危险之中。有了迄今为止的50万美元的投入，一套有巨大潜力的系统装置正在该实验室慢慢成形。

这一系统装置的想法始于大约20年前，当时正在开发大功率激光器从原子中提取电荷并生成离子的能力。如果激光器能够生成一条直达暴雨云的离子线，就可以在闪电电场增强为一股无法控制的涌流并击破空气之前，用这条传导通道把电荷引导到地面上来。为了防止激光器本身受到电击，不能把它直接对准云层，而是要把它对准一面镜子，让激光通过镜子折射向天空。要在靠近镜子的四周布置闪电传导器从而 对其进行保护。理想的做法是，云层遥控器(枪)要比较廉价，以便能够把它们安装在所有重点电力设备周围;另外还要方便携带，以便在国际运动赛事场地中用于使逐渐聚积的雨云失去威力。

绊脚石

可是，仍存在巨大的绊脚石。激光器并不方便携带：它是个能占据整个房间的庞然大物。Diels一直想要缩小它的体积，并表示很快就会有小型桌子大小的激光器了。他计划在明年夏天用真正的雨云来实际测试这个更容易操作的激光系统。

Bernstein表示，Diels的激光系统正在引起各电力公司的广泛兴趣。但他们还没有准备好EPRI提出的500万美元——开发一个让激光器更小巧、价格也更便宜的商用系统的所需资金。Bernstein说：“我还不能 说我已经拿到钱了，但是我正在为之努力。”他认为，即将进行的实地测试会成为一个转折点，而且他也在期待着好消息。Bernstein预言，如果一切顺利，这将吸引“排山倒海般的兴趣和支持”。他希望看到云层遥控器的最终价格能定在每台5万到10万美元之间。

其他科学家也能从中受益。如果手上有了控制闪电的“开关”，材料科学家就可以了解强大的电流遇到物质时会发生什么现象。Diels也希望看到“互动气象学”问世——不仅仅是预测天气，而且能控制天气。“如果我们能使云层放电，我们也许就能左右天气，”他说。

而且也许，Diels说，我们将能够对抗一些其他的气象威胁。“我们认为我们也许能通过引导闪电来阻止冰雹，”他说。雷，来自于闪电的冲击波，被认为是大暴雨——典型的雷暴天气——的触发器。一个激光雷工厂可以把水汽从云层中震出，这样也许可以阻止威胁庄稼的大冰雹的形成。如果运气好的话，在今年冬天雨云聚积的时候，持有激光器的研究者们就能第一次对其进行回击了。

TEST 3 PASSAGE 2 参考译文：

天才的本质

一直以来，天才和神童都倍受人们关注。genius一词源于拉丁语“gens”(=家族);拉丁语词条“genius”意 为“父”，来自于罗马早期，当时人们对一种祌明狂热崇拜，并尊其为家族的首领。在genius的最初形态中， 它与家族首领——也就是一家之长——永生的能力有关。后来，genius逐渐被用来表示人的特点;再后来，genius便用以指代一个人从他的“父亲”或精神领袖身上所传承的最佳特质。今天，人们仍然醉心于对星相和基因的研究，希望能够通过占星术或遗传学找到出色能力和个人特征的来源。

天才和天赋的概念已经成了民间文化的一部分，但人们对其所持的态度却是矛盾的。我们羡慕天才却不信任他们。在天才的神话里，人们普遍认为：如果人们在某方面很有天赋，那么他们一定会在其他方面有所不足;知识分子往往不切实际;神童过于才华横溢而早早地“泯然众人矣”;天才往往秉性古怪;天才的体质都很孱弱;天才和疯子只有一线之隔;天赋是家族遗传的;天才很聪明，所以不需要任何特别的帮助;天才和高智商是一回事;有些种族比其他人更聪明、更有音乐天赋或更有数学头脑;天才总被埋没, 得不到应有的回报;逆境出英才;天才有责任运用他们的天赋。英语中有很多这样的表达，如：highbrow (自以为文化修养很高的人)，egghead(书呆子)，blue-stocking(女学者)，wiseacre(自以为聪明的人)，know-all(自以为无所不知的人)，boffin(科学家);另外，对于很多人来说intellectual是一个贬义词。

19世纪，人们对于天才的本质表现出相当大的兴趣，而且做了不少针对著名神童的研究。或许现在对于我们来说，大部分对天才的研究中包含以下两个最重要的方面：其一，早期教育中父母和教师对孩子进行的频繁的鼓励和教导对孩子在智力、艺术或音乐方面的发展是有益的，但这也给孩子以后对生活的适应方面带来了巨大的困难;其二，老师和学校常常认识不到孩子所具备的才能。尽管在研究中搜集的轶闻趣事、显著相似点以及例外状况都颇为吸引人，但是，想要利用这些研究得出的证据也有一定困难，因为它们不符合我们今天所谓的常模参照。换句话说，比如当我们在搜集有关早期疾病、养育方式、学校教育等信息时，我们也要考虑到在其他的历史资料中所记载的、关于这种情况在当时有多么普 遍或不寻常的信息。例如，当时的婴儿死亡率很高，人的寿命也比今天短得多，家教对于贵族和富裕家庭司空见惯，恃强凌弱和体罚在最好的私立学校里也屡见不鲜，而且大多数的研究对象来自特权阶级。直到20世纪，随着儿科学和心理学的发展，相关研究才得以在更加客观的基础上进行——尽管依然并不总是很科学。

无论如何进行定义，天才只不过是从历史的迷雾之中凸显出来的一座座山峰，只有特定的观察者通过他们特殊的角度才能看到。而改变观察者和视角，拨开些许迷雾，许多不同的山峰出现在眼前。我们用“天才”这个词来指代那些因其出色成就而被我们所认可的人，那些人几乎处在了人类能力连续体的顶端，往下依次是平凡者、平庸者和无能者。Samuel Johnson博士的观察还是颇有道理的：“真正的天才在各方面都拥有着巨大的潜能，很偶然地被决定了向一个特定的方向发展。”但我们可能会对“各方面”这一点有所保留，因为我们怀疑是否所有天才音乐家都可以成为天才科学家，反之亦然。但是有一点毋庸置疑：正是偶然的决定培养或触发了他们的才能，使之有了用武之地，让他们可以成功地把自己的能量注入其中。在芸芸众生之中，有能之士成千上万，有男有女，有成人也有孩童。

天才的作品或神童的成就令人欣赏、喜爱和惊叹之处在于其体现了他们的技能和本领，这些技能和本领虽然与我们的相似，但远远高于我们的水平。然而事实可以证明他们的智力和我们的并非迥然不同，比如，像Kepler和Einstein这样的科学家历尽艰辛所取得的科学发现现已成为学童的常识性知识;像Paul Klee 这样的画家所创造的曾经非比寻常的形状和颜色很快就出现在了我们穿着的面料上。当然，这并没有降低天才成就的价值。他们的成就与普通人的相比就好像在四分钟内跑完一英里的运动员之于普通慢跑者一样，前者远远超越了后者。

只有在承认了每个人的大脑都是独特的这一前提下，认为天才和有天赋者的大脑独一无二、异于常人这一想法才能算是合理的。教育的目的就在于使我们更加与众不同，而在受教育的过程中，我们可以从比我们更有天赋的人的成就中学有所得。但是，在效仿天才或鼓励我们的孩子这样做之前，我们应该注意到，从他们身上学到的某些东西结果可能并不令人愉快。我们可能会羡慕他们的成就和名誉，但是也应该看到他们为此所付出的代价，看到他们的锲而不舍，专心致志，献身精神，自我约束，他们对自己时间和精力的严格要求，以及多少次他们不得不表现出极大的勇气来保持自身的正直或艰难地走成功。

天才和天赋只是具有相对意义的描述性术语，并没有实质内容。我们顶多可以通过对其进行定义并将其置于某一语境中来赋予它们一些准确的意思。但是，无论怎样做，我们都不能蒙蔽自己，认为神童或天才与其他人不一样，只是他们对自己能力表现开发的程度与我们不同而已。

TEST 3 PASSAGE 3 参考译文：

生物钟如何工作?

A我们的寿命是有限的。每个人都已经接受了这一点，因为从“生物学”角度来讲这是显而易见的。“没有什么会永生! ” 然而，在这句话中，我们想到了那些人造的技术产品，这些产品在使用过程中会产生自然磨损。这就意味着它们终究会有一天停止工作、不能用了(生物学意义上的“死亡”)。但这些技术产品的磨损及功能丧失与生物体的死亡这两者之间真的具有相似性或可比性吗?

B我们所谓“死掉”的产品是指一些“静态的”、封闭的系统。构成物体的基本材料总是会在自然过程中逐渐磨损，变得“老化”。根据物理化学和热力学的规律，在这种情况下老化是必然的。虽然相同的规律也适用于生物体，但这一规律并不会以同样的方式产生不可抗拒的结果。至少只要一个生物系统有能力自我更新，它就确实能够不断成长但不会老化;生物体是一个开放、动态的系统，新物质会通过这个系统不断流动。因此旧物质的消逝和新物质的形成总是处于永久的动态平衡中。形成生物体的物质不断改变，于是我们体内的旧物质也持续不断地被新物质替换，就像喷泉，它能大体上保持自身的形态和运动状态，但是其中的水分子总是不同的。

C因此，老化和死亡不该被看作是不可避免的，尤其当生物体拥有许多修复机制时。从理论上讲，一个生物体的老化和死亡不是必然的。尽管如此，有限的寿命，衰老，然后死亡构成了生命的基本特征。原因则显而易见：本质上，现存的生物体要么适应环境，要么有规律地被新的物种代替。因为基因物质的变化(突变)，生物体拥有了新的特征，并且个体生命的过程也在考验它们对周围的环境条件是否有最佳的或更好的适应性。永生可能会打乱这个系统，因为它需要为新的、更好的生命提供空间。这就是进化。

D每个生物体都有极具特色的寿命。不同的物种其寿命也有着显著差别，但在同一物种中，这个参数相对恒定。例如，几千年来人类的平均寿命几乎没变。虽然由于医疗服务的发展和营养的改善，越来越多的人达到高龄，但对大多数人来说人类普遍的寿命上限仍是80岁。此外，对抗简单磨损理论的另一个论点认为，生物体老去的时间短则几天(对单细胞生物来说甚至是几小时)，长则几千年，比如巨杉。

E如果寿命是一个由基因决定的生物特征，那么按照逻辑我们就有必要提出这样一个观点：生物体内存在一个内部时钟，这个时钟以某种方式测量和控制着衰老的进程，并且最终决定这一固定程序的最后一步：死亡。就像寿命，对于不同的生物体，其代谢速率跟体重有一个固定的数据关系。同寿命相比，这个关系是“反向的”：生物体体重越大，其代谢速率越低。另外，这个关系不仅适用于鸟类，由于系统单元内的情况大体类似，因此也适用于其他所有生物体(植物、动物、单细胞生物)。

F那些在能量消耗方面比较“节约”的动物寿命尤其长，例如鳄鱼和乌龟。鹦鹉和猛禽经常被锁链栓着，因此往往不能“体验生活”，于是在圈养状态下获得了较长的寿命。有些能通过冬眠或嗜睡来保存能量的动物(例如蝙蝠或刺猬)通常比那些总是很活跃的动物活得更长久。老鼠的代谢速率可以通过减少食物消耗量(饥饿饮食法)来降低，他们的寿命可能比那些平日吃饱喝足的同类寿命长一倍。另外，女性的寿命很明显比男性的寿命长(大约10%)。如果研究两性的代谢速率，你会发现男性代谢速率较高，这就意味着男性的寿命较短，也就是说他们在生活中比较耗费能量——比女性活动更为剧烈，但生命持续的时间没有女性长。

G从上面的讨论可以看出，节约使用我们的能量储备应该可以延长寿命。极端的剧烈运动可能会让心血管功能达到最佳状态，但肯定不会延长寿命。放松下来可以降低代谢率，而充足的睡眠及大体平和的性格也会起到相同的作用。只要进行一些自我观察、严格的自我控制，尤其重要的是保持逻辑连贯性，我们每个人都能发展自己的“节能程序”。经验表明这样的生活方式不仅能够延年益寿，而且非常健康。最后这点绝对不要忘记。

阅读答案原文及翻译 第19篇

Question 1

答案：isolation

关键词：6800/variety of language/geographical

定位原文：第3段第1句“Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few ”

解题思路：根据这句话可知，语言多样性是由于地理上的isolation。

Question 2

答案：economic globalization/globalization/socio-economic pressures

关键词：government/huge decrease

定位原文：第5段第4句“…the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic ”

解题思路：本题目要看清楚问的是语言消失的原因，and表示并列，因此空中应该填与government initiatives对等的原因，而文中第五段前半部分提到政府政策对语言的影响，但是科学家们也指出，真正致命的原因是社会经济压力。

Question 3

答案：cultural identity

关键词：Increasing appr?eciation/language classes

定位原文：第7段第2句话“But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming ”

解题思路：“increasing appreciation”和文中的“growing interest”是同义替换，故正确答案是cultural identity。”

Question 4

答案：traditional skill

关键词：‘apprentice’/teach/a

定位原文：第7段倒数第4句“Volunteer "apprentices" pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered ”

解题思路：“apprentice”做为定位词，题干这句话的意思是在学徒计划中，濒危语言被用来作为载体来教授人们一种……，文中的“learn”与“teach”在意思上有关联，而不定冠词“a”之后要填一个专有名词。

Question 5

答案：E

关键词：more than

定位原文：第7段第4句“Most of these languages will not survive without a large bilingualism…”

解题思路：题干这句话正好跟文中这句话表达的是相同的意思，而文中有这个观点的正是E选项。

Question 6

答案：B

关键词：in itself

定位原文：“But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day。”

解题思路：通过这句话可以推测，保护语言本身并不是目标，如何让语言活起来才是真正目的。故正确答案为B。

Question 7

答案：D

关键词：think/determine

定位原文：第6段倒数第2句“‘Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, for instance,’ Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our ’”

解题思路：这句话话当中提到了说英语的人的大脑与说法语的人大脑的不同，随后提出语言会影响我们的想法和观点。

Question 8

答案：C

关键词：reject/established/way of life

定位原文：第4段最后一句“People lose faith in their culture, When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old ”

解题思路：题干句子意思是“年轻人经常会拒绝接受社会约定俗成的生活方式”，正好与文中这句话“语言的转化意味着传统文化的消失”表达的意思一致。

Question 9

答案：B

关键词：loss

定位原文：第6段第2句“If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something…”

解题思路：文中的shift等同于题目当中的change，而传统文化的存在正意味着人们可以采用不同的观点来看待这个世界。

Question 10

答案：NO

关键词：Navajo

定位原文：第3段第4句话“Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they ”

解题思路：这句话说有15万人在使用那瓦霍语，证明使用者并不是很少，在接下来的一句话当中，作者又表明使语言濒临灭绝的真正原因并不是说的人少，而是说的人太老。

Question 11

答案：YES

关键词：a large number of

定位原文：第3段第4句话“Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 ”

解题思路：根据文中给出的证据，即有15万人说那瓦霍语，但是这门语言仍然濒临灭绝，作者推出了题中的结论，这个结论是正确的。

Question 12

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：government

定位原文：第5段

解题思路：文中第五段提到了政府，主要是指出政府的政策也是导致语言濒危的原因，但是此后就并未对政府的作用再多做叙述，而是转而论述社会经济压力的重要性。本题是典型的节外生枝型。

Question 13

答案：YES

关键词：linguistic diversity

定位原文：第7段第1句“So despite linguists" best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next ”

解题思路：这句话表明尽管语言学家已经竭尽全力，但是许多语言到了下个世纪还是会消失。这句话就表明语言多样性的消失是不可避免的。

定位原文：第3段第1句“Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few ”

Question 14

答案：C

关键词：Western

定位原文：第1段第1句“Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of ”

解题思路：A答案说澳大利亚医生与制药公司关系紧密，属于完全未提及型答案。B答案认为澳大利亚医生总是和其他医师一同工作，与文中所说的事实恰好相反。D答案说澳大利亚医生会开出另类处方，这也是不正确的。只有C答案与文章叙述相符。

Question 15

答案：B

关键词：Americans

定位原文：第1段倒数第1句“Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically ”

解题思路：文中这句话说1990年美国人去看另类疗法医师的次数比去看传统医生的次数还多。所以答案B是正确的。而A、C和D答案中提到的比较关系并不存在。

Question 16

答案：YES

关键词：20 years

定位原文：第2段第1句“Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 ”

解题思路：在过去20年中，由于人们对传统医疗不再迷信，另类疗法在澳大利亚慢慢流行起来。这句话就证明在过去20年里，比以往更多的澳大利亚人开始相信另类疗法。

Question 17

答案：NO

关键词：1983/1990/ a further 8%

定位原文：第2段第2句话和第3句话“In a 1983 national health survey, % of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the By 1990, this figure had risen to % of the ”

解题思路：在1983年的调査中，约有%的人说他们曾经看过另类疗法医师，到了1990年，这个数字上升到了总人口的%。如果做减法的话，实际上人数上升了将近个百分点，因此题目中所说的增加8%是错误的。

Question 18

答案：YES

关键词：550,000

定位原文：第2段第4句话“The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of…”

解题思路：题干这句话刚好和定位句的“The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists”表达的是同样的意思，因此是正确的。

Question 19

答案：YES

关键词：had a higher opinion

定位原文：第2段最后一句“The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a ”

解题思路：这句话说的是包括医生在内的专业人士的崇高地位也就大打折扣。这句话的含义就是澳大利亚人以前对医生等专业人士有较高的评价，而现在这种观点已经遭受损害。

Question 20

答案：YES

关键词：Australian doctors

定位原文：第3段第1句“Rather than resisting or criticising this trend, increasing numbers of Australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative therapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and ”

解题思路：这句话表明澳大利亚正统医生正在接受另类疗法培训，相对于以前他们接受的正统医疗培训来说，这次培训无疑是一种再培训。

Question 21

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：salaries

定位原文：第3段

解题思路：并不存在的比较关系是TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN题解题的一条黄金法则。尤其当作者将两者进行简单肤浅比较的时候，一般答案都是NOT GIVEN。文中没有任何地方提到两种医生的薪水，因此正确答案是NOT GIVEN。

Question 22

答案：YES

关键词：1993/289

定位原文：第4段首句和第二句“In 1993, Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists" practices in These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 ”

解题思路：89名病患去看病的这8家诊所提供各种各样的另类疗法服务，这其中也许包括针灸疗法，但是如果说这289名病人都是去做针灸的，就未免有些以偏概全了。

Question 23

答案：NO

关键词：1993/long-term

定位原文：第4段第3句“Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little ”

解题思路：chronic是“长期的，慢性的”意思，complaints在此处不是“抱怨，投诉”的意思，而是指疾病。

Question 24

答案：emotional/emotional problems

关键词：10%-15%

定位原文：第5段第1句“12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1% more than those suffering from emotional ”

解题思路：目测该数字应该在10%和15%之间，在第五段寻找这样一个数字，结果发现12%所对应的是digestive一词，但是，很快我们会发现Digestive已经出现在了表格上，所以答案应该是比12%少一个百分点的emotional/emotional problems。

Question 25

答案：headache

关键词：5%-10%

定位原文：第5段最后一句“Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively…”

解题思路：该疾病所对应的数字应该在5%和10%之间，而且应该比第26空更接近10%。所以可以回第五段找两个相近并且都接近10%的数字，结果发现了6%和5%，故此空应该填：headache。

Question 26

答案：general ill health

关键词：5%

定位原文：第5段最后一句“Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively…”

解题思路：该疾病对应数字是5%，故应该填general ill health。

Question 27

答案：H

关键词：unusual connection

定位原文：H段最后1句“By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other, play may enhance ”

解题思路：link-up等于connection，后面的play may enhance creativity证明这种不寻常的联系是有好处的。

Question 28

答案：F

关键词：record/time

定位原文：F段第2句“If you plot the amount of ”

解题思路：这个heading的意思是由记录小动物玩耍的时间而得到的见解，关键词是时间，回到文章当中寻找对应词时，只有这个段落提到了时间。plot一词是用图表记录的意思，在这里就等同于record。

Question 29

答案：A

关键词：physical hazard

定位原文：A段第4句之后“For a start, play can even cost animals their Eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals…”

解题思路：问题是问哪一段包含有对玩要带来的危险的描述。文章中只有在第一段中谈到了玩要可能带来的危险，而且还举出了小海狗的例子来说明这种危险的存在。

Question 30

答案：H

关键词：mental/exercise/develop

定位原文：H段前3句“Not only is more of the brain involved in play than was suspected, but it also seems to activate higher… and ”

解题思路：mental activity是大脑活动的意思，问题问的是在玩耍过程当中，哪些大脑活动得到了练*和发展。

Question 31

答案：I

关键词：effects/reduction

定位原文：I段首句和2句“What might further experimentation… with their ”

解题思路：问题问得是哪一段包含了这样的内容：减少玩耍机会可能对儿童造成的影响。在最后一段中，作者谈到了被剥夺了玩耍机会的小老鼠大脑就发育的不好，并且用一个设问句表明了他对人类儿童的忧虑。而且一般来讲，含有effect的段意都是对应文章的最后一段。

Question 32

答案：B

关键词：class/animals

定位原文：B段第4句“Playfulness, it seems, is common only among ”

解题思路：B段中提到了玩要在哺乳动物中很普遍，而且在有些鸟类当中也存在，即提到了各种各样的动物。一些同学会在E段当中看到fifteen orders of mammals一词，不过仔细读下来，E段的主要意思是在讲哺乳动物中大脑大小和玩耍之间的关系，并不是说玩耍对哪种动物重要。故答案选B。

Question 33-35

答案：ACF(IN EITHER ORDER)

Question 33

答案：A

关键词：rehearsal/adult

定位原文：B段倒数第2句“A popular explanation of play has been that it helps juvenile develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialize as ”

解题思路：这段中提到了帮助青少年培养作为成年人需要的一些技能，所以A选项正确。

Question 34

答案：C

关键词：build up strength

定位原文：B 段最后一句“Another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult ”

解题思路：“使年轻的动物保持体形”与C选项对应。

Question 35

答案：F

关键词：organ growth

定位原文：E段首句：“ that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness…”

解题思路：“在脑部大小与玩耍之间有正面的关联”与F选项对应。

Question 36

答案：B

关键词：Robert Barton

定位原文：E段倒数第2句和末句 “Robert Barton of Durham University …I concluded it"s to do with learning，and with the importance of environmental data ”

解题思路：Barton认为玩耍与学*有关，也与大脑发育过程中环境资料的重要性有关。Environmental data可以与physical surroundings对应。

Question 37

答案：G

关键词：Marc Becoff

定位原文：G 段第4句“Bekoff likens it to a behavioural ”

解题思路：Becoff将玩耍比喻为一个行为万花筒，这句话也就是说在玩耍当中动物会做出各种各样的举动，正好和G选项中的a wide range of相对应。

Question 38

答案：E

关键词：John Byers

定位原文：C段第2句“Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, ”

解题思路：Byers认为训练一结束，由增强训练所带来的好处就跟着迅速消失了，无论什么种群的动物，玩耍都倾向于在哺乳期的中期达到顶峰，然后则开始走了下坡路。这就与E答案观点—致。

Question 39

答案：D

关键词：Sergio Pellis

定位原文：E段第1句“ that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in ”

解题思路：Pellis认为哺乳动物的玩耍量与他们大脑的大小往往成正比。所以玩耍比较少的动物脑子也比较小。

定位原文：第3段第1句“Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few ”

Question 40

答案：A

关键词：Stephen Siviy

定位原文：H段第6句“Siviy studied how bouts of play affected the brain"s levels of a particular chemical associated ”

解题思路：Siviy认为玩耍能够影响大脑中一种特殊化学物质，这种物质会刺激神经细胞生长。答案选A。

阅读答案原文及翻译 第20篇

Passage1

参考译文

Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes — about the duration of a normal classroom In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests — what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them — independent of any formal It is also possible that some of these ideas will be

无论大人还是孩子都经常会遇到这样的报道，那就是热带雨林正在以惊人的速度消失。打个比方，孩子们很容易就能理解这样一个图例，即平均每四十分钟，也就是一节课的时间内，世界上就会有相当于一千个足球场大小的热带雨林遭到破坏。面对媒体频繁且生动的报道，也许不需要任何正规的教育，孩子们就能够形成一系列有关热带雨林的观点：比如说雨林是什么，位置在哪里，为什么如此重要，又是什么在威胁它们等等。当然，这些观点也很有可能是错的。

Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular Sometimes this information may be It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their

许多研究表明孩子们对于在学校里学到的科学知识心存误解。这些误解不是孤立存在的，而是组成了一个尽管多层面却十分有条理的概念体系，这一点使得该体系本身及其所有的组成观点更加难以攻破，有些观点本身甚至就是错误的，但是也正是这样，它们反而更容易被改动。这些错误观点正是由于孩子们从大众煤体上吸收了信息而形成的。有时连这些信息本身都是错误的。学校似乎也没能够给们提供一个再度阐述自己观点的机会，因此宠师及其他学生也不能帮助其检验及纠正这种错误观点。

Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their

尽管媒体对于热带雨林所遭受的破坏做了大量的报道，但是有关孩子相关观点的信息却少之又少。所以，目前这项研究的目的就是要给教师提供这样的信息来帮助他们设计自己的教学策略，以便帮助学生构筑正确的观点，置换他们的错误概念，并在学校中展开环保研究项目。

The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. Some children described them as damp, wet or The second question concerned the geographical location of The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the

该项研究调査了孩子有关热带雨林的科学知识以及态度。研究要求一些中学生填写一份包含了五个简答题的调査表。对于第一个问题，最常见的解答就来自“热带雨林”这一名称所附带的不言自明的含义。有些孩子把雨林描述成一个又潮又湿或闷热的地方。第二个问题是关于雨林的地理位置的，大多数答案都提到了国名或洲名：百分之四十三的孩子写了非洲，百分之三十写了美洲;还有百分之二十五的人认为热带雨林主要分布在巴西。有些孩子给出了如“赤道附近”这样更为宽泛的答案。

Responses to question three concerned the importance of The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of rainforest as animal

第三道题目问及了热带雨林的重要性。百分之六十四的学生认为雨林为动物提供了栖身之所。较少的学生回答说雨林是植物的生长地。更少的学生提到了雨林中的土著居民。其中，有百分之七十的女孩子认为雨林是动物的家，而男孩子中只有百分之六十的人执此观点。

Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal

相似的是，有百分之十三的女生认为热带雨林为人类提供了居所，而男生中有此想法的人只占百分之五。这些观点与先前就学生对热带雨林的开发及保护状况所做的研究的结果基本一致，该结果表明女生更容易表现出对小动物的同情，其观点也更容易将内在价值观基于动物而非人类生命上。

The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging

第四个问题问到了热带雨林遭到破坏的原因。值得庆幸的是，过半的学生(百分之五十九)都认为是人类的行为导致了这一破坏，有人甚至用“我们”这样的字眼将问题与自身联系起来。大概有百分之十八的学生将这一破坏归咎于滥砍滥伐。

One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these While two fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on

百分之十的学生错误地认为是酸雨导致了雨林的破坏，还有百分之十的学生觉得污染才是罪魁祸首。看来学生们是将热带雨林所受的破坏与上述因素对西欧森林的毁坏混为一谈了。百分之四十的学生认为热带雨林为人们提供了氧气，在某种程度上，这样的答案也包含着一个误解，那就是认为热带雨林的消失会减少大气中氧气的含量，最终导致地球上的大气不再适合人类呼吸。

In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not

在被问及雨林保护的重要性时，大部分学生只是认为人类离开雨林就无法生存。只有寥寥百分之六的人提到热带雨林的消失会导致全球变暖。鉴于媒体对这个问题长篇累牍的报道，这样的结果真是有点出人意料。还有些学生认为保不保护雨林根本无关紧要。

The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of

研究结果表明，在学生们对雨林的观点中，某些观点明显占上风。在有些问题上，比如说热带雨林是植物、动物及人类的栖息地以及天气变化与雨林破坏之间的关系等，学生们的回答又表明了他们在一些基本科学知识上的误区。

Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future

学生们给出的答案并不能够表明他们了解热带雨林所遭受破坏的原因的复杂性。换言之，没有任何迹象表明他们了解热带雨林对人类来讲到底如何重要以及那些破坏行为背后所潜藏的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。然而，值得欣慰的是，其他类似环保研究的结果表明，大孩子们已经具备了鉴赏、理解以及评价矛盾观点的能力。而环保教育正是为这些能力的养成提供舞台，这一点对于孩子们成为未来的政策制定者是至关重要的。

Passage2

参考译文

What Do Whales Feel?

An examination of the functioning of the senses in cetaceans, the group of mammals comprising whales, dolphins and porpoises

鲸鱼的感官

鲸目动物(包括鲸、海豚、鼠海豚等晡乳动物)的感官功能测试

Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are

对我们人类以及其他的陆地哺乳动物来说，有些感官是与生俱来的，然而对于鲸鱼来讲，这些功能要么已经衰退或彻底消失，要么就无法在水中正常发挥作用。比如说从齿鲸的大脑结构来看，它们是嗅不到气味的;而须鲸虽然有与嗅觉相关的脑部结构，可是我们却无法判断这些结构是否起作用。据推测，由于鲸鱼的气孔进化并最终移到了头部的正中，所以掌管嗅觉的神经纤维几乎全部不见了。同样，尽管有些鲸鱼也有味蕾，但这些味觉器官要么已经退化，要么就根本没有发育。

The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and free-ranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched

有人认为鲸鱼的触觉也不发达，不过这个观点很可能是错误的。训练人工饲养海豚和小鲸鱼的人常常会评论他们的小动物对于触碰和抚摩的敏感度。而无论是人工饲养还是放养，几乎所有种类的鲸鱼个体之间都会进行频繁的接触，特别是在成年鲸鱼和幼鲸之间或同一亚群的成员之间。这种接触有助于维护同一种群内部的秩序，而且对大多数鲸鱼而言，抚摸和触碰也是求偶仪式的一部分。气孔周围的部分尤其敏感，一旦被触碰，人工饲养的鲸鱼就会有激烈的反应。

The sense of vision is developed to different degree in different Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater — specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whale and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii — have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic

不同种类的鲸鱼，视觉发达程度也各不相同。通过研究一只被人工饲养了一年的小灰鲸，以及通过对阿根廷和夏威夷沿海所放养的露脊鲸和座头鲸的研究及拍摄，人们发现在封闭水域中的须鲸显然可以利用视觉来追踪水下的物体，而且它们无论在水中或空气中视力都相当好。但是眼睛的位置如此严重地限制了须鲸的视野，以致于它们可能不具备立体视觉。

On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air-water interface as And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the

从另一方面来看，大多数海豚和江豚眼睛的位置表明它们是拥有向前及向下的立体视觉的。淡水海豚经常侧游，或是在吃东西的时候肚皮朝上游泳，这就表明眼睛的位置使它们拥有向前及向上的立体视觉。相反的是，宽吻海豚在水中视力就很敏锐，而从它观察及追踪空中飞鱼的方式来看，它在水天交界面的视力也相当好。尽管之前的实验证据表明，海豚在露天环境中可能是睁眼瞎，然而，它们能够从水中跃起很髙，并且能够准确地吃到训练员手中的小鱼，这就有趣地证明了上述观点是错误的。

Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded The South American boutu and Chinese Beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of

当然，这些变异可以通过这些品种所生长的环境来解释。比如说，对于宽广清澈水域中的鲸鱼来说，视觉显然就有用的多;而对于那些住在混浊的河流或水淹的平原上的品种来说，视力显然就没什么大用。比如，南美洲亚马逊河中的江豚以及中国的白鳍啄视力都相当有限，而印度河中的江豚根本看不见东西，它们的眼睛已经退化成了两条窄缝，除了感知一下方向和光的强度几乎没什么作用。

Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback Toothed species in general employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds, than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid

尽管鲸鱼们的味觉和嗅觉严重衰退，在水中的视觉又不那么确定，然而这些缺陷完全可以被它们那高度发迖的听觉系统所弥补。尽管鲸鱼们音域不同，但是大多数鲸鱼都很会“唱歌”，而且还能用回声定位法来觅食。大个子须鲸只能用低频发声，除此之外就黔“鲸”计穷了。当然也有些著名的例外：比如夏天里北极露脊鲸歌曲般的合唱，还有座头鲸那复杂的、令人难以忘怀的低语。与须鲸相比，齿鲸们可以更多地利用频谱，发出多种声音，当然，抹香鲸只会发出一系列单调激烈的喀哒声。有些复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，然而想要搞清楚它们在鲸鱼的社会生活及文化中到底起何作用，与其说是严谨科学研究的对象，不如说是丰富想像力的结果。

Passage3

参考译文

Visual Symbols and the Blind

盲人与视觉符号

Part 1

From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in But pictures are more than literal This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle ( 1). I was taken Lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figures until about

第一部分

最近的几次研究表明，盲人可以理解用轮廓线和透视法来描述物体排列及空间平面的方法。但是，图画不只是表面意思的体现。在研究中，一名盲人女性自发地画出了一个转动的车轮，这就引起了我对上述事实的极大关注。为了展示这样一个动作，她在圆圈中画了一条曲线(见图1)。我大吃一惊。像她所使用的这种运动线是插图史上最近的发明。实际上，正如艺术学者David Kunzle指出的那样，Wilhelm Busch，一名引领潮流的19世纪卡通画家，直到1877年才开始在其最流行的人物身上使用运动线。

When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel’s spokes as curved When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines — or any other kind of line, for that matter? The answer was not So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of

当我要其他接受研究的盲人对象画出转动中的车轮时，一种特别聪明的画法反复出现了：几个人把车条画成了曲线。当被问到为什么要用曲线的时候，他们都说这是喑示运动的一种带有隐喻意味的方法。多数原则会认为从某种角度来讲，这个图案充分地表示了运动。但是就此而言，曲线是不是比，比如说虛线，波浪线或者其他任何一种线条，更能说明问题呢?答案是不确定的。所以我决定测试一下，不同的运动线是否就是表现运动的恰当方式，而或它们只是一些特殊的符号而已。进一步而言，我还想找出盲人和普通人在诠释运动线时的不同之处。

To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeter of the I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of

为了找出答案，我用凸起线条做出了五幅有关轮子的画，车条被画成大曲线，小曲线，波浪线，虚线以及超出车轮的直线。然后，我让18名盲人志愿者抚摩这些轮子，并且将它们分别与下列运动中的一个搭配：不稳定地转动，飞速转动，稳定地转动，颠簸和刹车。参照组则是由来自于多伦多大学的18名普通大学生组成的。

All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought, suggested that the wheel was wobbling; and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel’s perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning

除了一个人，其他所有的盲人都将具体的动作与车轮搭配了起来。大多数人猜测被画成大曲线的车条表示车轮正在稳定地转动;而他们认为波浪线车条表示车轮在不稳定地转动，小曲线则被认为是车轮正在颠簸的象征。受试者推测，超出车轮边缘的车条代表车轮正处在刹车状态，而虚线车条则说明车轮正在飞快地旋转。

In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was the favoured description for the blind in every What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out meanings for each line of motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted

另外，在毎种情况下，普通人喜爱的表达与盲人喜爱的基本一致。更有甚者，盲人之间的共识几乎与普通人的一样高。因为盲人不熟悉运动装置，因此这个任务对他们而言相当困难。然而，很明显，盲人不仅能够搞清楚每种运动线所代表的意义，而且作为一个团队，他们达成共识的频率也不比普通人低。

Part 2

We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart — choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from China, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their

第二部分

我们还发现盲人同样可以理解其他的视觉隐喻。有个盲人女性在心形中画了个小孩儿——她说选择心形是为了表示这个孩子周围充满了爱。于是，我和刘长虹，一名来自中国的博士生，开始探索盲人对如心形这样含义不直白的图形的象征意义，到底理解到了何种程度。

We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to a For example, we asked: What goes with soft? A circle or a square? Which shape goes with hard?

我们给普通受试者一张有二十对词的单子，并且要求他们从每一对词当中挑一个最能代表圆形的词以及一个最能代表方形的词。举个例子，我们会问：“哪个形状和柔软有关?圆形还是方形?哪个形状表示坚硬?”

All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to (See ) When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning ‘far’ to square and ‘near’ to In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects — 53% — had paired far and near to the opposite Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people

所有的受试者都认为圆形代表柔软，方形代表坚硬。高达94%的人将快乐归给了圆形，而没有选悲伤。但是在其他词组上，不同意见就出现了：79%的人分别认为圆是快的而方是慢的，圆是弱的而方是强的。只有51%的人将深与圆形相连，将浅与方形相连(见图2)。当我们用同样的单子去测试四个完全失明的人时，他们的选择几乎与普通受试者的一模一样。有个先天失明的人做得极好。他的选择只有一个与众不同，那就是把“远”与方形联系起来而把“近”同圆形联系起来。实际上，也只有刚刚过半53%的普通受试者认为圆形代表远，而方形代表近。因此，我们可以得出结论，盲人同普通人一样能够理解抽象的图形。

阅读答案原文及翻译 第21篇

定公以孔子为中都宰，一年，四方皆则之。由中都宰为司空，由司空为大司寇。

定公十年春，及齐平。夏，齐大夫黎鉏言于景公曰：“鲁用孔丘，其势危齐。”乃使使告鲁为好会，会于夹谷①。鲁定公且以乘车好往。孔子摄相事，曰：“臣闻有文事者必有武备，有武事者必有文备。古者诸侯出疆，必具官以从。请具左右司马。”定公曰：“诺。”具左右司马。会齐侯夹谷，

为坛位，土阶三等，以会遇之礼相见，揖让而登。献酬之礼毕，齐有司趋而进曰：“请奏四方之乐。”景公曰：“诺。”于是旍旄羽袚矛戟剑拨②鼓噪而至。孔子趋而进，历阶而登，不尽一等，举袂而言曰：“吾两君为好会，夷狄之乐何为于此！请命有司！”有司却之，不去，景公心怍，麾而去之。有顷，齐有司趋而进曰：“请奏宫中之乐。”景公曰：“诺。”优倡侏儒为戏而前。孔子趋而进，历阶而登，不尽一等，曰：“匹夫而营惑诸侯者罪当诛！请命有司！”有司加法焉，手足异处。景公惧而动，知义不若，归而大恐，告其群臣曰：“鲁以君子之道辅其君，而子独以夷狄之道教寡人，使得罪于鲁君，为之奈何？”有司进对曰：“君子有过则谢以质，小人有过则谢以文。君若悼之，则谢以质。”于是齐侯乃归所侵鲁之郓、汶阳、龟阴之田以谢过。

定公十三年夏，孔子言于定公曰：“臣无藏甲，大夫毋百雉之城。”使仲由为季氏宰，将堕③三都④。于是叔孙氏先堕郈。季氏将堕费，公山不狃、叔孙辄率费人袭鲁。公与三子入于季氏之宫，登武子之台。费人攻之，弗克，孔子命申句须、乐颀下伐之，费人北。国人追之，败诸姑蔑。二子奔齐，遂堕费。将堕成，公敛处父谓孟孙曰：“堕成，齐人必至于北门。且成，孟氏之保鄣，无成是无孟氏也。我将弗堕。”十二月，公围成，弗克。（选自《史记·孔子世家》，有删改）

【注】①夹谷：地名，春秋时齐地。②拨（fá)：大盾。③堕：毁坏；
拆毁。④三都：春秋鲁三桓执政，皆建城拟于国都。季孙之费、孟孙之成、叔孙之郈，称三都。

1.下列各句中加点词的解释，不正确的一项是(3分)

A.孔子摄相事摄：代理

B.孔子趋而进趋：小步快走

C.孔子命申句须、乐颀下伐之伐：夸耀

D.十二月，公围成，弗克克：攻下

2.以下六句话分别编为四组，全都正面表现孔子在夹谷扬礼节的一组是(3分)

①由中都宰为司空，由司空为大司寇

②以会遇之礼相见，揖让而登

③吾两君为好会,夷狄之乐何为于此！请命有司

④趋而进,历阶而登,不尽一等,举袂而言

⑤匹夫而营惑诸侯者罪当诛！请命有司

⑥君子有过则谢以质，小人有过则谢以文。君若悼之，则谢以质

A.①②⑤B.②③⑥

C.③④⑤D.①④⑥

3.下列对原文有关内容的分析和概括，不正确的.一项是(3分)

A.文章先从孔子任中都宰写起。他任职一年就很有政绩，鲁国各地的官员都纷纷效仿他。于是，他升为司空，后又升为大司寇。

B.文章写孔子严于礼法之行为使齐景公震憾而省悟，并以退还原来所占的鲁国之郓、汶阳、龟阴之地的行动来向鲁国赔罪。

C.定公十三年夏，鲁定公听从孔子的建议，打算拆毁季孙、叔孙、孟孙三家封邑的城墙，在拆毁的过程中，遇到了公山不狃等人的武力阻扰。

D.公敛处父认为，如果拆了成邑的城墙，那么齐人必将兵临城下，孟氏没有了保障，会处于危险中。于是，他坚决抗命不拆成邑的城墙。

答案：

1.C伐：攻打

2.C①句说的是孔子在鲁国受到重视而被屡次提拔；
②句说的是两国君主在夹谷见面的情景；
⑥句是齐国有司的话。

3.B.非“震憾”而是“惧怕”。

阅读答案原文及翻译 第22篇

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1

Striking Back at Lightning

With Lasers

Seldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death — out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolt’s most inviting And there is damage to property Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a

But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can

The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States’ power grid from lightning ‘We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets,’ says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears

Bad behaviour

But while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking The rockets cost around $1,200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to ‘Lightning is not perfectly well behaved,’ says ‘Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasn’t supposed to ’

And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? ‘What goes up must come down,’ points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely — and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at With around $500,000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the

The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun) would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm

A stumbling block

However, there is still a big stumbling The laser is no nifty portable: it’s a monster that takes up a whole Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next

Bernstein says that Diels’s system is attracting lots of interest from the power But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and ‘I cannot say I have money yet, but I’m working on it,’ says He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point — and he’s hoping for good Bernstein predicts ‘an avalanche of interest and support‘ if all goes He expects to see cloud-zappers eventually costing $50,000 to $100,000

Other scientists could also With a lightning ‘switch’ at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet Diels also hopes to see the birth of ‘interactive meteorology’ — not just forecasting the weather but controlling ‘If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather,’ he

And perhaps, says Diels, we’ll be able to confront some other meteorological ‘We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning,’ he Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike

Questions 1-3

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or

Write the correct letter in boxes 1-3 on your answer

1 The main topic discussed in the text is

A the damage caused to US golf courses and golf players by lightning

B the effect of lightning on power supplies in the US and in

C a variety of methods used in trying to control lightning

D a laser technique used in trying to control lightning

2 According to the text, every year lightning

A does considerable damage to buildings during

B kills or injures mainly golfers in the United

C kills or injures around 500 people throughout the

D damages more than 100 American power

3 Researchers at the University of Florida and at the University of New Mexico

A receive funds from the same

B are using the same

C are employed by commercial

D are in opposition to each

Questions 4-6

Complete the sentences

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 4-6 on your answer

4 EPRI receives financial support from .

5 The advantage of the technique being developed by Diels is that it can be

6 The main difficulty associated with using the laser equipment is related to

Questions 7-10

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I,

Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 7-10 on your answer

In this method, a laser is used to create a line of ionization by removing electrons from 7 . This laser is then directed at 8 in order to control electrical charges, a method which is less dangerous than using . As a protection for the lasers, the beams are aimed firstly at 10 .

A cloud-zappers B atoms C storm clouds

D mirrors E technique F ions

G rockets H conductors I thunder

Questions 11-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

No if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

11 Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his

12 Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real

13 Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels’s

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2

The Nature of Genius

There has always been an interest in geniuses and The word ‘genius’, from the Latin gens (= family) and the term ‘genius’, meaning ‘begetter’, comes from the early Roman cult of a divinity as the head of the In its earliest form, genius was concerned with the ability of the head of the family, the paterfamilias, to perpetuate Gradually, genius came to represent a person’s characteristics and thence an individual’s highest attributes derived from his ‘genius’ or guiding Today, people still look to stars or genes, astrology or genetics, in the hope of finding the source of exceptional abilities or personal

The concept of genius and of gifts has become part of our folk culture, and attitudes are ambivalent towards We envy the gifted and mistrust In the mythology of giftedness, it is popularly believed that if people are talented in one area, they must be defective in another, that intellectuals are impractical, that prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn out, that gifted people are eccentric, that they are physical weaklings, that there’s a thin line between genius and madness, that genius runs in families, that the gifted are so clever they don’t need special help, that giftedness is the same as having a high IQ, that some races are more intelligent or musical or mathematical than others, that genius goes unrecognised and unrewarded, that adversity makes men wise or that people with gifts have a responsibility to use Language has been enriched with such terms as ‘highbrow’, ‘egghead’, ‘blue-stocking’, ‘wiseacre’, ‘know-all’, ‘boffin’ and, for many, ‘intellectual’ is a term of

The nineteenth century saw considerable interest in the nature of genius, and produced not a few studies of famous Perhaps for us today, two of the most significant aspects of most of these studies of genius are the frequency with which early encouragement and teaching by parents and tutors had beneficial effects on the intellectual, artistic or musical development of the children but caused great difficulties of adjustment later in their lives, and the frequency with which abilities went unrecognised by teachers and However, the difficulty with the evidence produced by these studies, fascinating as they are in collecting together anecdotes and apparent similarities and exceptions, is that they are not what we would today call In other words, when, for instance, information is collated about early illnesses, methods of upbringing, schooling, , we must also take into account information from other historical sources about how common or exceptional these were at the For instance, infant mortality was high and life expectancy much shorter than today, home tutoring was common in the families of the nobility and wealthy, bullying and corporal punishment were common at the best independent schools and, for the most part, the cases studied were members of the privileged It was only with the growth of paediatrics and psychology in the twentieth century that studies could be carried out on a more objective, if still not always very scientific,

Geniuses, however they are defined, are but the peaks which stand out through the mist of history and are visible to the particular observer from his or her particular vantage Change the observers and the vantage points, clear away some of the mist, and a different lot of peaks Genius is a term we apply to those whom we recognise for their outstanding achievements and who stand near the end of the continuum of human abilities which reaches back through the mundane and mediocre to the There is still much truth in Dr Samuel Johnson’s observation, ‘The true genius is a mind of large general powers, accidentally determined to some particular direction’. We may disagree with the ‘general’, for we doubt if all musicians of genius could have become scientists of genius or vice versa, but there is no doubting the accidental determination which nurtured or triggered their gifts into those channels into which they have poured their powers so Along the continuum of abilities are hundreds of thousands of gifted men and women, boys and

What we appreciate, enjoy or marvel at in the works of genius or the achievements of prodigies are the manifestations of skills or abilities which are similar to, but so much superior to, our But that their minds are not different from our own is demonstrated by the fact that the hard-won discoveries of scientists like Kepler or Einstein become the commonplace knowledge of schoolchildren and the once outrageous shapes and colours of an artist like Paul Klee so soon appear on the fabrics we This does not minimise the supremacy of their achievements, which outstrip our own as the sub-four-minute milers outstrip our

To think of geniuses and the gifted as having uniquely different brains is only reasonable if we accept that each human brain is uniquely The purpose of instruction is to make us even more different from one another, and in the process of being educated we can learn from the achievements of those more gifted than But before we try to emulate geniuses or encourage our children to do so we should note that some of the things we learn from them may prove We may envy their achievements and fame, but we should also recognise the price they may have paid in terms of perseverance, single-mindedness, dedication, restrictions on their personal lives, the demands upon their energies and time, and how often they had to display great courage to preserve their integrity or to make their way to the

Genius and giftedness are relative descriptive terms of no real We may, at best, give them some precision by defining them and placing them in a context but, whatever we do, we should never delude ourselves into believing that gifted children or geniuses are different from the rest of humanity, save in the degree to which they have developed the performance of their

Questions 14-18

Choose FIVE letters,

Write the correct letters in boxes 14-18 on your answer

NB Your answers may be given in any

Below are listed some popular beliefs about genius and

Which FIVE of these beliefs are reported by the writer of the text?

A Truly gifted people are talented in all

B The talents of geniuses are soon

C Gifted people should use their

D A genius appears once in every

E Genius can be easily destroyed by

F Genius is

G Gifted people are very hard to live

H People never appreciate true

I Geniuses are natural

J Gifted people develop their greatness through

K Genius will always reveal

Questions 19-26

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 19-26 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

19 Nineteenth-century studies of the nature of genius failed to take into account the uniqueness of the person’s

20 Nineteenth-century studies of genius lacked both objectivity and a proper scientific

21 A true genius has general powers capable of excellence in any

22 The skills of ordinary individuals are in essence the same as the skills of

23 The ease with which truly great ideas are accepted and taken for granted fails to lessen their

24 Giftedness and genius deserve proper scientific research into their true nature so that all talent may be retained for the human

25 Geniuses often pay a high price to achieve

26 To be a genius is worth the high personal

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following

Questions 27-32

Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs,

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-G from the list of headings

Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 27-32 on your answer

List of Headings

i The biological clock

ii Why dying is beneficial

iii The ageing process of men and women

iv Prolonging your life

v Limitations of life span

vi Modes of development of different species

vii A stable life span despite improvements

viii Energy consumption

ix Fundamental differences in ageing of objects and organisms

x Repair of genetic material

Example Answer

Paragraph A v

27 Paragraph B

28 Paragraph C

29 Paragraph D

30 Paragraph E

31 Paragraph F

32 Paragraph G

HOW DOES THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK TICK?

A Our life span is Everyone accepts this as ‘biologically’ ‘Nothing lives for ever!’ However, in this statement we think of artificially produced, technical objects, products which are subjected to natural wear and tear during This leads to the result that at some time or other the object stops working and is unusable (‘death’ in the biological sense). But are the wear and tear and loss of function of technical objects and the death of living organisms really similar or comparable?

B Our ‘dead’ products are ‘static’, closed It is always the basic material which constitutes the object and which, in the natural course of things, is worn down and becomes ‘older’. Ageing in this case must occur according to the laws of physical chemistry and of Although the same law holds for a living organism, the result of this law is not inexorable in the same At least as long as a biological system has the ability to renew itself it could actually become older without ageing; an organism is an open, dynamic system through which new material continuously Destruction of old material and formation of new material are thus in permanent dynamic The material of which the organism is formed changes Thus our bodies continuously exchange old substance for new, just like a spring which more or less maintains its form and movement, but in which the water molecules are always

C Thus ageing and death should not be seen as inevitable, particularly as the organism possesses many mechanisms for It is not, in principle, necessary for a biological system to age and Nevertheless, a restricted life span, ageing, and then death are basic characteristics of The reason for this is easy to recognise: in nature, the existent organisms either adapt or are regularly replaced by new Because of changes in the genetic material (mutations) these have new characteristics and in the course of their individual lives they are tested for optimal or better adaptation to the environmental Immortality would disturb this system — it needs room for new and better This is the basic problem of

D Every organism has a life span which is highly There are striking differences in life span between different species, but within one species the parameter is relatively For example, the average duration of human life has hardly changed in thousands of Although more and more people attain an advanced age as a result of developments in medical care and better nutrition, the characteristic upper limit for most remains 80 A further argument against the simple wear and tear theory is the observation that the time within which organisms age lies between a few days (even a few hours for unicellular organisms) and several thousand years, as with mammoth

E If a life span is a genetically determined biological characteristic, it is logically necessary to propose the existence of an internal clock, which in some way measures and controls the ageing process and which finally determines death as the last step in a fixed Like the life span, the metabolic rate has for different organisms a fixed mathematical relationship to the body In comparison to the life span this relationship is ‘inverted’: the larger the organism the lower its metabolic Again this relationship is valid not only for birds, but also, similarly on average within the systematic unit, for all other organisms (plants, animals, unicellular organisms).

F Animals which behave ‘frugally’ with energy become particularly old, for example, crocodiles and Parrots and birds of prey are often held chained Thus they are not able to ‘experience life’ and so they attain a high life span in Animals which save energy by hibernation or lethargy ( bats or hedgehogs) live much longer than those which are always The metabolic rate of mice can be reduced by a very low consumption of food (hunger diet). They then may live twice as long as their well fed Women become distinctly (about 10 per cent) older than If you examine the metabolic rates of the two sexes you establish that the higher male metabolic rate roughly accounts for the lower male life That means that they live life ‘energetically’ — more intensively, but not for as

G It follows from the above that sparing use of energy reserves should tend to extend Extreme high performance sports may lead to optimal cardiovascular performance, but they quite certainly do not prolong Relaxation lowers metabolic rate, as does adequate sleep and in general an equable and balanced Each of us can develop his or her own ‘energy saving programme’ with a little self-observation, critical self-control and, above all, logical Experience will show that to live in this way not only increases the life span but is also very This final aspect should not be

Questions 33-36

Complete the notes

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 33-36 on your answer

? Objects age in accordance with principles of 33 of 34

? Through mutations, organisms can 35 better to the environment

? 36 pose a serious problem for the theory of evolution

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

37 The wear and tear theory applies to both artificial objects and biological

38 In principle, it is possible for a biological system to become older without

39 Within seven years, about 90 per cent of a human body is replaced as

40 Conserving energy may help to extend a human’s

阅读答案原文及翻译 第23篇

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1

A Chronicle of Timekeeping

Our conception of time depends on the way we measure it

A According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and long before the advent of the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet"s revolution around the

B Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuous than the passing of the Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised, the solar year became more As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organised its activity chart for the most part around the solar

C Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar Each period of ten days was marked by the appearance of special groups of stars called At the rise of the star Sirius just before sunrise, which occurred around the all-important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans could be seen spanning the The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal These periods became known as temporal hours because their duration varied according to the changing length of days and nights with the passing of the Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of daylight and darkness Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who disseminated them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500

D In order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials, which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun"s The sundial"s counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at One of the first water clocks was a basin with a small hole near the bottom through which the water dripped The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the inner Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern

E The advent of the mechanical clock meant that although it could be adjusted to maintain temporal hours, it was naturally suited to keeping equal With these, however, arose the question of when to begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a number of systems The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count: Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and "great clock" hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany, at Eventually these were superseded by "small clock", or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at

F The earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; it was the part called the In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing tension of its By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very

G To address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship"s The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise Unlike the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once a second and thus led to the development of a new floor-standing case design, which became known as the grandfather

H Today, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set the beat for most electronic Nearly all computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to regulate their Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution So integral have these time-based technologies become to day-to-day existence that our dependency on them is recognised only when they fail to

Questions 1-4

Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs,

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-4 on your answer

1 a description of an early timekeeping invention affected by cold temperatures

2 an explanation of the importance of geography in the development of the calendar

in farming communities

3 a description of the origins of the pendulum clock

4 details of the simultaneous efforts of different societies to calculate time using

uniform hours

Questions 5-8

Look at the following events (Questions 5-8) and the list of nationalities

Match each event with the correct nationality,

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 5-8 on your answer

5 They devised a civil calendar in which the months were equal in

6 They divided the day into two equal

7 They developed a new cabinet shape for a type of

8 They created a calendar to organise public events and work

List of Nationalities

A Babylonians

B Egyptians

C Greeks

D English

E Germans

F French

Questions 9-13

Label the diagram

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer

图片10

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading

Passage 2 on the following

Questions 14-19

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs,

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-G from the list

Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-19 on your answer

List of Headings

i Disobeying FAA regulations

ii Aviation disaster prompts action

iii Two coincidental developments

iv Setting altitude zones

v An oversimplified view

vi Controlling pilots’ licences

vii Defining airspace categories

viii Setting rules to weather conditions

ix Taking off safely

x First steps towards ATC

14 Paragraph A

Example Answer

Paragraph B x

15 Paragraph C

16 Paragraph D

17 Paragraph E

18 Paragraph F

19 Paragraph G

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

IN THE USA

A An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United States, and similar air traffic control procedures are also in place over much of the rest of the

B Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the Grand Canyon As early as the 1920s, the earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in the vicinity of the airports, using lights and flags, while beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-country routes to establish the earliest However, this purely visual system was useless in bad weather, and, by the 1930s, radio communication was coming into use for The first region to have something approximating today"s ATC was New York City, with other major metropolitan areas following soon

C In the 1940s, ATC centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War, but the system remained It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America"s airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots" margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the

D Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the nation"s airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to This is a very incomplete part of the The FAA realised that the airspace over the United States would at any time have many different kinds of planes, flying for many different purposes, in a variety of weather conditions, and the same kind of structure was needed to accommodate all of

E To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into First, ATC extends over virtually the entire United In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the Controlled airspace is that airspace in which FAA regulations Elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily enter the controlled

F The FAA then recognised two types of operating In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane"s instrument panel to fly On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same However, a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot"s license that must also be

G Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class All airspace above 5,490m is designated Class The reason for the division of Class E and Class A airspace stems from the type of planes operating in Generally, Class E airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few of which can climb above 5,490m anyway), and commercial turboprop Above 5,490m is the realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more efficiently at higher The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, that is, skilled and licensed in aircraft This is because ATC control of the entire space is Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B, govern the vicinity of These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of For example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C airspace is establish two-way radio contact with No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed, although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations governing VFR To enter Class B airspace, such as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an explicit ATC clearance is The private pilot who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their

Questions 20-26

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

20 The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet

21 Air Traffic Control started after the Grand Canyon crash in

22 Beacons and flashing lights are still used by ATC

23 Some improvements were made in radio communication during World War

24 Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365m and not near

25 All aircraft in Class E airspace must use

26 A pilot entering Class C airspace is flying over an average-sized

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3

TELEPATHY

Can human beings communicate by thought alone? For more than a century the issue of telepathy has divided the scientific community, and even today it still sparks bitter controversy among top academics

Since the 1970s, parapsychologists at leading universities and research institutes around the world have risked the derision of sceptical colleagues by putting the various claims for telepathy to the test in dozens of rigorous scientific The results and their implications are dividing even the researchers who uncovered

Some researchers say the results constitute compelling evidence that telepathy is Other parapsychologists believe the field is on the brink of collapse, having tried to produce definitive scientific proof and Sceptics and advocates alike do concur on one issue, however: that the most impressive evidence so far has come from the so-called "ganzfeld" experiments, a German term that means "whole field". Reports of telepathic experiences had by people during meditation led parapsychologists to suspect that telepathy might involve "signals" passing between people that were so faint that they were usually swamped by normal brain In this case, such signals might be more easily detected by those experiencing meditation — like tranquillity in a relaxing "whole field" of light, sound and

The ganzfeld experiment tries to recreate these conditions with participants sitting in soft reclining chairs in a sealed room, listening to relaxing sounds while their eyes are covered with special filters letting in only soft pink In early ganzfeld experiments, the telepathy test involved identification of a picture chosen from a random selection of four taken from a large image The idea was that a person acting as a "sender" would attempt to beam the image over to the "receiver" relaxing in the sealed Once the session was over, this person was asked to identify which of the four images had been Random guessing would give a hit-rate of 25 per cent; if telepathy is real, however, the hit-rate would be In 1982, the results from the first ganzfeld studies were analysed by one of its pioneers, the American parapsychologist Charles They pointed to typical hit-rates of better than 30 per cent — a small effect, but one which statistical tests suggested could not be put down to

The implication was that the ganzfeld method had revealed real evidence for But there was a crucial flaw in this argument — one routinely overlooked in more conventional areas of Just because chance had been ruled out as an explanation did not prove telepathy must exist; there were many other ways of getting positive These ranged from "sensory leakage" — where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the receiver — to outright In response, the researchers issued a review of all the ganzfeld studies done up to 1985 to show that 80 per cent had found statistically significant However, they also agreed that there were still too many problems in the experiments which could lead to positive results, and they drew up a list demanding new standards for future

After this, many researchers switched to autoganzfeld tests — an automated variant of the technique which used computers to perform many of the key tasks such as the random selection of By minimising human involvement, the idea was to minimise the risk of flawed In 1987, results from hundreds of autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a "meta-analysis", a statistical technique for finding the overall results from a set of Though less compelling than before, the outcome was still

Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the lack of consistency between individual ganzfeld Defenders of telepathy point out that demanding impressive evidence from every study ignores one basic statistical fact: it takes large samples to detect small If, as current results suggest, telepathy produces hit-rates only marginally above the 25 per cent expected by chance, it"s unlikely to be detected by a typical ganzfeld study involving around 40 people: the group is just not big Only when many studies are combined in a meta-analysis will the faint signal of telepathy really become And that is what researchers do seem to be

What they are certainly not finding, however, is any change in attitude of mainstream scientists: most still totally reject the very idea of The problem stems at least in part from the lack of any plausible mechanism for

Various theories have been put forward, many focusing on esoteric ideas from theoretical They include "quantum entanglement", in which events affecting one group of atoms instantly affect another group, no matter how far apart they may While physicists have demonstrated entanglement with specially prepared atoms, no-one knows if it also exists between atoms making up human Answering such questions would transform This has prompted some researchers to argue that the future lies not in collecting more evidence for telepathy, but in probing possible Some work has begun already, with researchers trying to identify people who are particularly successful in autoganzfeld Early results show that creative and artistic people do much better than average: in one study at the University of Edinburgh, musicians achieved a hit-rate of 56 per Perhaps more tests like these will eventually give the researchers the evidence they are seeking and strengthen the case for the existence of

Questions 27-30

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G,

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-30 on your answer

27 Researchers with differing attitudes towards telepathy agree on

28 Reports of experiences during meditation indicated

29 Attitudes to parapsychology would alter drastically with

30 Recent autoganzfeld trials suggest that success rates will improve with

A the discovery of a mechanism for telepathy

B the need to create a suitable environment for

C their claims of a high success

D a solution to the problem posed by random

E the significance of the ganzfeld

F a more careful selection of

G a need to keep altering

Questions 31-40

Complete the table

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 31-40 on your answer

Telepathy Experiments

Name/Date

Description Result Flaw

Ganzfeld

Studies

1982 Involved a person

acting as a

who picked out one

a random selection

of four, and a

,

who then tried to

identify Hit-rates were

higher than with

random Positive results

could be produced

by factors such as

.

Autoganzfeld

studies

1987

were used for key

tasks to limit the

amount of

in carrying out the

The results were

then subjected to

a The

between different

test results was

put down to the

fact that sample

groups were not

(as

with most ganzfeld

Studies).

阅读答案原文及翻译 第24篇

参考答案：古代罗马和希腊

罗马具有一种希腊和其他任何不论是古代的还是现在的文明都不具备的凝聚力。罗马墙上的石块是靠设计的规整和特别有力的水泥而被固定在一起，与此相同，罗马帝国的各个部分也因物理的、组织的和精神的束缚而组成了一个坚若磐石的整体。物理的束缚包括驻扎在每个省的戍卫军组成的网络和连通每个省与罗马的用石头铺成的道路网络。组织上的束缚则基于法律和行政的一般原则，以及遍布各地、统一行动的军政府。精神上的控制则建立在恐惧和惩罚上--毫无疑问，任何人或任何事，只要威胁到罗马的权威，都终将被摧毁。

罗马人对统一和团结的执著可能源自于罗马早期的发展模式。希腊是从二十几个分散的城邦发展而来，然而罗马则是从单个组织发展而来。希腊沿着地中海航线扩张，然而罗马帝国则通过领土的占领而壮大。当然，它们的对比也不是那么的绝对：在亚历山大大帝时期，希腊找到了他们整个历史中最大的领地征服者;罗马人虽曾一度迁移到意大利之外，但他们却没有忘记海洋的力量。然而，他们之间本质的区别是不容否认的。希腊世界的关键是强大的船队，而罗马帝国的关键则是他们行进的部队。希腊人死守着海洋，罗马人则死守着土地。希腊人是天生的水手，罗马人则是陆上强兵。

毫无疑问的是，为了解释罗马现象，人们应该极大地强调他们的几乎是本能的领土观念。罗马人的天性就在于对领土的组织、扩张和防御。完全也可能是Latium平原--拉丁人最初建立罗马的地方，造就了罗马人陆地定居、陆地财产、陆地经济、陆地行政以及以陆地基础的社会*惯和技巧。在此基础上也产生了罗马人的军事组织和政府管理的才能，。反过来，对土地以及稳定乡村生活的深深的依恋孕育了罗马人的品格：gravitas，一种责任感;peitas，对家庭和国家的牺牲精神;以及iustitia，一种对自然秩序的使命。

现在人们对罗马的态度各异，从无限的崇尚到彻底的反感。经常有权威的崇拜者，尤其是在历史学家中，不由自主地推崇强大，他们对罗马权力的欣赏远胜于对希腊狡黠的欣赏。与此同时，有一种固化的观念厌恶罗马。对于很多人而言，罗马至多不过是对希腊更大规模的模仿和延续，希腊文明拥有质量，罗马则仅仅拥有数量。希腊是发明者，而罗马则是研究和发展的分支。这些实际上是一些高智商罗马人的观点。"如果希腊人像我们一样轻视创新?"Horace 在他的信件中问道"那么有什么古时候的作品能现存于世呢?"

罗马的确欠着希腊无数的债务。罗马人吸收了希腊人的宗教和伦理哲学。在文学上，希腊作家被下意识地当作他们拉丁后裔的模范。毋庸置疑的是，一个受过教育的罗马人一定会讲流利的希腊语。在推理哲学和科学上，罗马人实际上没有超过前期希腊的成就。

然而如果认为罗马是希腊-罗马文化的晚辈那就错了。罗马的天才们突破了新的领域-尤其是在法律、军队的组织、管理和工程上。而且，由罗马国家内部产生的压力促使文学和艺术的造诣达到最高水平。所以很多罗马的高级军官和政治家们都是高素质的作家。

阅读答案原文及翻译 第25篇

阅读下面的文言文，完成2124题。（14分）

吕蒙字子明，汝南富陂人也。少南渡，依姊夫邓当。当为孙策将，数讨山越。蒙年十五六，窃随当击贼，当顾见大惊，呵叱不能禁止。归以告蒙母，母恚欲罚之，蒙曰：不探虎穴，安得虎子？母哀而舍之。

鲁肃代周瑜，过蒙屯下。肃意尚轻蒙，或说肃曰：吕将军功名日显，不可以故意待也，君宜顾之。遂往诣蒙。酒酣，蒙问肃曰：君受重任，与关羽为邻，将何计略，以备不虞①？肃造次②应曰：临时施宜。蒙曰：今东西虽为一家，而关羽实虎熊也，计安可不豫定？因为肃画五策。肃于是越席就之，拊③其背曰：吕子明，吾不知卿才略所及乃至于此也。

（节选自《三国志·吴志·吕蒙传》，有改动）

【注】①虞：意料，预料。②造次：鲁莽，轻率。③拊（fǔ）：抚摩。

1．解释下列句中加点的词。（4分）

⑴数讨山越 ( ) ⑵君宜顾之 ( )

⑶遂往诣蒙 ( ) ⑷肃于是越席就之 ( )

2．用现代汉语写出文中画线句子的意思。（4分）

⑴不探虎穴，安得虎子？

⑵吕将军功名日显，不可以故意待也。

3．细读节选的文字回答，鲁肃对吕蒙的态度前后有什么变化？（3分）

4．根据节选文字，联系下面材料，你认为吕蒙是个怎样的人？（3分）

蒙始就学，笃志不倦，其所览见，旧儒不胜。鲁肃过蒙言议，曰：吾谓大弟但有武略耳，至于今者，学识英博，非复吴下阿蒙。蒙曰：士别三日，即更刮目相待。

（节选自裴松之注引《江表传》，有改动）

答案：

1．⑴屡次 ⑵拜访 ⑶到 ⑷接近，靠近 （每小题1分，共4分）

2．⑴不探寻老虎洞，怎么能捉到小老虎？（2分）⑵吕将军功名一天天显扬，不可以用原来的态度对待他。（2分）

3．原先轻视，后来吕蒙出了五个计谋之后，转为尊重和亲近。（3分）

4．勇而有谋，文武双全，勤奋好学，学而有成。（3分）

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